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CORNELL 

UNIVERSITY 

LIBRARY 




THE WASON 

CHINESE 
COLLECTION 



Cornell University Library 
PL 473.M69 



A Manchu grammar.with analysed texts.by 





3 1924 023 341 112 




Cornell University 
Library 



The original of this book is in 
the Cornell University Library. 

There are no known copyright restrictions in 
the United States on the use of the text. 



http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023341112 



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1 

MANCHU GRAMMAR, 




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i WITH 

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ANALYSED TEXTS, 




BY 

P. G. VON MOLLENDOKKF, 




Chhu'M' Cu.^toms l^ercire. 




SHANGHAI : 




Printed at the American Presryterian Mission Press. 




1892. 


3-1 





rV 



MANCHU GRAMMAR, 



WITH 



A X A L Y S E D TEX T S , 

P. G. VON MOLLENDORFF, 

Clihief^i' CKxtoiiiH Spi-rii'e. 



8HAN(iHAl: 
Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press. 



1892. 






TA.BLE OF CONTENTS. 



IiitrddneHijii 
1. — Phonology. 

1. Alphabet (Table ) Pronuneiatioa .. 
"i. Harmony of Vowels 
;>. Diphthongs and Triphthongs 
4. Word-changes and Foreign Words 
II. — Etyjiology. 

]. Xonns and Adjectives. Tei'niinations. i'hiral. ('use AlH.Ki's : ?, ;//, (h'. hi', ci 
'^. Pronouns 
'.]. Numerals 

4. Verbs. Derivation. Jloods and Tenses. Irregnlaritii 
o. Adverbs 
0. Postpositi(jns 
7. (jonjunctions 
•S. Interjections. 
III. — Syntax 

Manchu Texts with Translation and Analysis 

Iiid(!x of Affixes and Terms 

Appendix : European Literature treating on I\lanclHi 



Nesi-ation 



V. 

vi. 
1 

3 
3 

4 
6 



13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
15 
51 
53 



INTRODUCTION 



Theke is as yet no grammar of the Manclin language in Eiiglisli. Wylik's translation of the 
Tsing Wan Ki Mung ('^- -^ jgj; ^), Shanghai, 1S55, a kind of Mauchu hand-book for the use of 
Chinese, though useful and full of interest, is by no means a grammar. 

The general interest taken in every language will, of course, be also extended to Manchu ; 
still a few words seem necessary to sliow the particular usefulness of its study. 

There exist in all about 2-JO works in Manchu, nearly all of which arc translations from the 
Chinese. They consist of translations from the Classics, some historical and metaphysical works, 
literary essays, collections of famous writers, novels, poetry, laws and regulations, Imperial 
edicts, dictionaries, phrase books, ere. Most of these translations are excellent, but they are all 
literal. Executed under the eyes of intelligent princes, they form a reliable expression of the 
meaning of the ('hinese text and hav(! therefore a right to acceptance ecpial to that enjoyed 
by commentaries of good writers. Manchu being infinitely easier to learn than Chinese, these 
translations are a great help towards obtaining a clear insight into Chinese syntax, and scholars 
like Stanisl.vs Julien, who owed the remarkable precision in his renderings to his knowledge of 
Manchu, have repeatedly pointed this out. In a letter addressed to Dr. Leggk he alludes to 
the stud}^ of Manchu as being of great assistance in translating the Classics. Dr. Leggb, however, 
in the preface to his translation of the Shukiug, pronounced himself against it. The reasons 
advanced by this great scholar are not very cogent, and, in fact, not knowing tlie language, 
he was hardly competent to judge. But, even if he were right, others may be in a different 
position. Dr. Legge was perhaps more fortunate or more gifted than most people and had a 
thorough mastery of Chinese at the time when St. Julien wrote to him. Those who find Chinese 
more difficult will be inclined to consider the Mauchu translations a great help. 

This grammar being intended for the practical pur])ose of guiding tlie student in learning 
to read Manchu works, not of translating into Manchu, everything foreign to the aim is left out, 
especially all information wliich properly belongs to the sjihere of the dictionary. 

SlIAXGH.M, Fchruitnj, 1892. 

p. ({. VON MoLLENDOliFF. 



THE ^LFH^BET. 



a 


When alone. 


In the beginning of 
a word. 


In the middle of a 
word. 


. — .. — ,, 

At the end of a 
word. 


y 

when followed by n in the 
beginning of a word, a spaee 
is left to distinguish it froti) 

a : J en T a 

i 


r 


^ 




l-^ see n 


e 
i 



u 
u 




4' 
A 




>> 

&y see b 


n 
k 
g 




'i 

Y^ when followed by a, o, u 
"r >i II »i fi» h '^ 
^ when followed by a, o, ti 

ii 11 n M **i 1) n 

^ when followed by a, o, ii 


3 '.1 
-> 

->• 




' .^ ,T -^i;Vn final" 

a, but a vowel preceding 
shows that it must be n. 




h 
















b 

P 

s 
3 




1^ 11 II 11 ®i *i ^ 


> 

rfl ta, Xjj te, ^ 






^.S' the downstroka is 
longer than that of o. 




A 


t' 
d 

1 




^ foil, by a, Ji fotl.bye, 


after 


a vowel d 




^, foil. by n, -P folLbye, 


<^' da X$j' de 








h 


m 
c 




1^ 

4 

A 


•J 




tL 


J 












y 

r 
f 
■w 




^ 


-1 
A 

cf foil, by a or e, 

foil, by other vowels 
^ foil, by a or e 


A 






^ 




tf* foil, by a or e ^ 
foil by other vowels. 
tA foil, by a or e 









For transcribing Chinese syllables: — 

k' >$ ,g' >$.,h' >^, ts' .J+, ts E.,<iz 



5H' 



, syCBl ) £ ,' c'ydH) %,jy(^ ") 5 



ng 


A r.> A ■" 


.1 


6 (^' ^. -^^ 



I. PHONOLOGY. 

1. Alphabet. 

Mauchu writing consists of 34 elements, viz., 6 vowels, 18 essentially Mancliu consonants 
and 10 marks specially intended for the rendering of Oliinese syllables (vide Table). 
The 6 vowels are a, e (a), i, o, n, u (not 5 as generally represented).* 
The IS consonants are k, g, li, n, b, p, s, s, t, d, 1, m, c, j, y, r, f, w. 
The 10 marks are k', g, h', ts', ts, dz, z, sy, c'y, jy.^ 

k, g, h, t, d have two forms, one when followed by a, o, u, the other when followed by 
e, i, u. 

in the middle or at the end of words may be doubled and then stands for oo or ao. 
If u or u is followed by a or e, w is placed between them : juive (two) pronounced jue. 
If a vowel is followed by i, the latter is doubled, except at the end of a word. 
No word commences with r, nor with two or more consonants. 

t after a vowel and before a consonant, or at the end of a word, is written like on. 
To distingnish f from w the rule is : at the beginning of a word w occurs only when followed 
by a or e. F before a and e has an additional stroke at the right. 

Mauchu is written from top to bottom, the lines following from left to rio-ht.* 
Pronunciation. 

Many of the Manchu words are now pronounced with some Chinese peculiarities of pronuncia- 
tion, so k before i and e=ch', g before i and e=ch, h and s before i=hs, etc. H before a, o, 
u, u, is the guttural Scotch or German oh. 

n is the ordinary sonorous liquid ; only as initial, when followed by ij^a, iye, iyo, io, it 
is pronounced like ny : e.g. niyalma ma.n=ni/alma ; niyengniyeri spring=nymy?2wzn ; niolhon 
smooth.=nyolkon (Radloff, Phonetik, p. 162). 

s=sh ; c=ch in Chinese ; j=j in judge ; y when initial==y in yonder. 
a, i, 0, u, u as in German. 

e=a, ; e.g. ejen master, Tungusic djdn; inenggi day, Tung, indngi ; elgembi to lead, Tung. 
dlgojdm; edun wind, Tung. odyn. 

i=i, y (=Russian h) ; kali meadow=Tung. kowyr. 

y with an e before and after, is not pronounced : beye body=bee (bed). Nor is it heard 
between i and a, or i and e. 
z=j in jardin. 

The accent lies always on the last syllable, the same as in Mongolian. 
2. Harmony of Vowels. 

Manchu writing distinguishes 6 vowels ; there are, however, in reality eight, which all occur 
in stem syllables : a, a, o, o, y, i, u, ii. As regards long and short vowels u only has two 
separate signs. 

1 The name of the Emperor ^ shun is given in Manchu as sun. 

' The y in these 3 Chinese syllables represents the vowel transcribed by Wade with ii as in tzii and gsii, and with 
ih as in chih and shih. 

* This alphabet was adopted by the Uigurs from a Syriac or Mandaic source, thence adapted to the Mongolian 
language and in 1599 slightly altered to suit the pronunciation of Manchu. Unfortunately 3 vowels were left unrepre- 
sented : 6, ti, y. Qy comparing the Tungusic dialects these vowels can be partly restored. 



These 8 vowels are divided* into the followiug groups : — 



4 guttural a 





y 


u 


4 palatal a 


6 


i 


u 


4 dental a 


a 


y 


i 


4 labial o 


u 


6 


ii 


2 dento-gnttiiral 




a 


y 


2 labio-guttural 







u 


2 dento-palatal 




a 


i 


2 labio-palatal 




6 


ii 


4 wide vowels a 





a 


6 


4 narrow vowels y 


u 


i 


a 



according to the degree of widening or nar- 
rowing the inner organs of speech. 

The harmony of vowels consists in a certain attraction of vowels physiologically related 
to each other ; in accordance with it a vowel can only be followed by a corresponding one. All 
the Altaic languages show this peculiarity, the Turkish dialects the most, the Tungusic and 
Mancbu the least. Within stems. this harmony of vowels is of interest only to the philologist, 
but as most of the aflSxes in Manchu oifer the choice between 2 or even 3 vowels (e.g. ha, ho, 
he ; la, le ; hon, hun, hun), a few rules are necessary to show which vowels should be used. 

1. Stems terminating in a, e or o, take the same vowel in the affix: sula-ha left behind ; 
mute-re being able to ; tokto-ho fixed. Exceptions are given under " Verbs." 

For affixes in on, un, un (hon, hun, hun) : stems in which a or o occurs twice, or those 
having 1 and a, take sometimes u : yacla-hnn poor ; soyos-hun folded. 

2. Stems of one syllable, terminating in i or u, take mostly e : bi-he was ; kit-he rotten . 
With one of the affixes on, un, iin : his-hun bashful. 

3. Stems of several syllables terminating in i or u, with a, u, u, or oo preceding, take mostl y 
a : mari-ha returned ; jabunha answered ; tumi-kan somewhat frequent ; guni-ha thought ; kooU-ngga 
customary. An exception appears to be : ashu-re will refuse. Of affixes in on, un, un : taH-hun 
doubtful ; miosi-hun or hon wrong. 

4. Stems of several syllables terminating in i or u, with e preceding, take e : julesi-Jeen a 
little forward ; tebvrngge laying down ; of affixes in on, un, iin : wesi-hun upper ; etu-hun strong. 

5. Stems having n repeated, take mostly e, but sometimes a : uhu-he accompanied ; ulu-ken 
a little wrong ; but usu-kan a little uncommon. 

6. Stems terminating in u with i preceding, take mostly a : bisu-kan a little smooth ; but 
also e : Mru-re will be in heat. 

7. Stems in u and S, take mostly a : muku-ha, breathed in. 

8. Stems with two i, take mostly a : ili-ha, stood ; but also e : iji-re will weave. 
The exceptions for the verbal affixes ha, ra, will be given in extenso under " Verbs." 

If two or more affixes are used, the vowel of the first determines the vowels of the others. 
The difference between wide and narrow vowels is also used to express the difference of 
gender, e.g.; — 

a male principle (|g yang). e female principle (|^ yin). 

ama father. erne mother. 

amha father-in-law. emhe mother-in-law. 

haha man. - hehe woman, etc. 

* I follow J. GEtTNZBL, Die Vooalharmonie der Altaischen Sprachen, Sitz. Ber. der Kaia. Ak. der Wiss, Wien, 
1888, which is based on Radloff's eminent work: Phonetik der Nordlicheu Tiirkspracben. Leipzig, 1883. 



3. Diphthongs and Triphthongs. 

Iq these the rules of vowel harmony are not perceptible : 

a may be followed by i, o : ai, ao ; e by i, o : ei, eo ; i by a, e, i, o, u : ia, ie, ii, io, iu ; o by 
i, : oi, 00 ; u by a, e, i, o : ua, ue, ui, uo ; 5 by a, e, i, o : ua, ue, ui, uo. 

Triphthongs are ioa, ioo, io (w) an, io (w) en, ioi, i (y) ao. 

Of the above oo stands for ao or u ; ioo for Chinese yao (H); io(w)aa, io(w)ea for nan, 
lien ; ioi for ii ; i(y) )0 for iao. 

4. Word-changes and Foreign Words. 

Vowels are often dropped : 

a. iu the middle of words : tofohon fifteen, pronounced tofhon ; ilha flower from ilaha ; 
utha hunt — butaha ; hojhon son-iu-law — hojihon ; ufhi part — ufuhi; gelhun fear — gelehun ; narsa. 
niggard — narasa, ; cirku pillow — cirulm from ciritmbi ; forgon or forhon 8&&son—forohon, etc. 

b. in combination of two words : ertele till here— ere tele, emderi at the same time — emu, 
derei ; emursu simple — emit ursit; erse such — ere se ; ergi this side — ere gi ; inenggiskun noon — 
inenggi sahun ; dergi upper — dere gi ; baitaku unemployed — baita, aku ; memema step-father— 
meme ama ; aba where? — ai ba; amargi behind — ama ergi, alimhaharaku inexpressible — alime- 
ba?-aha aku. 

A final n, not being part of the root, is dropped in combinations : kumuda musician — 
kumun da ; ilase three years — ilan se ; daniyartu a mythological animal — daniyan artu, or 
transformed in m before b : dulimba" m.iM\Q — dulin ba. 

K and h, g and h sometimes interchange : emeke — emke mother-in-law •,julge — julehe formerly. 

Foreign words in Manchu are mostly Chinese and Mongol. The latter, like gobi desert, sain 
good, have been taken over without change and are difficult to recognize as foreign. 

In the beginning of Manchu literature Chinese words were : — 

a. borrowed without change, new words for new ideas : ging {^^, ^, |g), gung (^, ^, 
J&i Di wang (2), even when an original Manchu word existed : liyo huioang (T^ ^ liu huang 
sulphur) instead of hurku ; funghuwang {%, Jg, fgn^ huang phoenix) instead oi garudai. It has 
been calculated that one-third of the Manchu dictionary consists of Chinese words thus borrowed. 

b. with slight change in the termination : ging-gulembi to honour from f]^ (ching). 

c. with an addition explanatory of the meaning : gin liyan ilha (^ m chin lien lotus, 
ilha flower) lotus ; ingturi or ingtoro cherry from \% ying cherry with turi bean or toi'O (^ 
t'ao) peach. 

Other similarities seem to point to more ancient loans : ^ brush {^ ]}i\ /a/im law (f^ 
fa) ; dule/un degree (]g tu) ; kemun measure ( gj k'e). These may, however, originally spriuf 
from the same root (compare e.g. hemun with Jakutic hiim measure). 

Manchu words cannot begin with r (Buddhist works contain some transliterated Sanscrit 
words commencing with r) or Q (ulet is Mongol). They generally terminate in vowels or n. 
Final r, k and s is only found in onomatopoetic words like kacar kicir, kafur, kalar kilir, etc., 
cik cak, tok, katak kitik, Ms kis. Words with final m, 1, or t, are foreign : serim name of a 
place, serekul town in Turkestan, mandal Mongol word, a place where sacred rites are practiced, 
ulet is a Mongol name. 

Some few words terminate in b : tob right, cob mountain peak, kah kih, cib cab. The 
ending ng, if not onomatopoetic as in ang, cing cang, cung, etc., shows Chinese origin. 



II. ETYMOLOGY. 

The words of the Manchu language may be divided into : 1. nouns and adjectives, 2. 
pronouns, 3. numerals, 4. verbs, 5. adverbs, 6. postpositions, 7. conjunctions, 8. interjections. 

1. Nouns and adjectives I treat together, as they have many terminations in common and as 
many adjectives may be used as nouns and vice versa. 

The terminations for nouns are : — 

a. vowels : abki, heaven, muke water, kesi favour, olo hemp, huncu sledge, boo house, buhu stag. 

b. n : morin horse, banin nature. 

c. ka, ko, ku, ku, ho, indicating mostly names of instruments and utensils : ujika bow case ; 
oboko washing basin ; hujuku bellows ; forika drum ; corho funnel ; but also taciku school. 

d. ha, he, ge, han, hen, gan, gen, goa : sujaha tent peg ; suhe, silken commentary, nedege 
news ; husihan petticoat ; hitrgan large net ; turigen wages ; bodogon intention. 

e. ba : hondoba whip lash ; dulimba middle. 

f. bun : ulabun tradition. 

g. si, ci, cin : yafa,si gardener; aduci herdsman; jacin second of two brothers. 

h. ra, re, ri, ro, rn, ran, ren, ron : jamaran quarrel ; tohoro circle, wheel ; heturen cross beam. 
The terminations for nouns and adjectives are : — 

a. nggi : inenggi day ; etenggi strong. 

b. hiyan, hiyen : acuhiyan slander, calumnious. 

c. hon, hun, hun, shun, shun : etuhun power, mighty; ijishun compliance, compliant. 

d. sun : huwaliyasun harmony, peaceful. 

e. tu, tun : iletu appearance, clear ; iletun sign. 

f. ki, hi, hin : jabsaU luck, lucky ; holhi stupid ; aduhi leather trowsers ; lekerU, leherhi, 
hkerhin seal. 

g. cu, cun : suilacun anxiety, anxious. 

h. la, lo, le, Ian, Ion, le^a.: fangkala low ; dorolon ceremony.- 

i. ja, ji : boihoju terrestrial, spirit of the earth; jiduji quite iright ; boigoji landlord. 

The terminations for adjectives are : — 

a. ngga, nggo, ngge, nggu : moringga viiiag'doronggo regular ; ambalinggu (o) earnest. 

b- (n) ingge : niyalmaingge human. 

c. su, da, do, de : gelesu timid ; ubiyada hated. 

d. bnru, cuka, cuke : hataburu, hatacuka odious ; ferguwecuke wonderful. 

e. saka : ekisaka, silent. 

Diminutives and augmentatives are formed with the affixes kan, kon, ken, gan, gen, liyan, 
liyen, cen, si : amhakan somewhat large ; biragan a small river ; olhokon a little dry ; gelfiyehen 
a little pale; adaliliyan somewhat similar; arnhakaliyan a little big; isheliyen rather narrow; 
suhecen a small axe ; ambakasi somewhat big. 

Adjectives are transformed into nouns by adding urse (^) : tacire urse (J^ ^) the students, 
the scholars ; or by adding ha (place) : amba ha greatness. 

The plural of nouns (adjectives remain unchanged) is formed : — 

a. by the affixes sa, se, si, so, ta, da, te, ri. These are simply added to the word ; a final 
n (not being part of the root) is dropped {hafan — hafasd) ; but han emperor — hansa. Jui loses 
final i: juse; omolo final lo : omosi. Thus sabi — sabisa; age, agese; aha — ahasi ; monggo — 
monggoso ; ama — amata ; erne — emete ; nwtfa — mafari. 



Some nonns use several affixes : n?-un — unisa and uruse ; agu — agusa and aguse ; nakcu — 
nakxusa, nakcuse, and nalcuta ; gioro or gioni — gioroso and gioruse ; sargan — mrgaUi and sargada, 

b. by repeating the noun : se sc years. 

c. by adding numeral terms or words denoting plurality. These are : 

Placed before the noun : tangga liundred, e.g. tangga hala ("g ^) the hundred family names, 
the people; tiimen ten thousand (^), e.g. tumen j^'afc!!. things, all things; geren all, e.g. geren 
nil/alma all men ; tiie latter is also used in combination with plural forms : geren ambasa hafasa 
the officials. 

Placed after the noun : gemu all, e.g. baijan gemu the rich ; t07ne all, e.g. niyalma tome men, 
all men ; jergi rank (^), e.g. gitrgu jergi the animals ; urse (^) follows chiefly adjectives or 
participles, e.g. bayan urse the rich ; tacire urse the scholars, but does not always denote plurality. 

Comb/nation of nouns icitk other affixes : i, ni ; de ; be; ci. 

1 . 1, ni. I is placed after words terminating in a vowel or in n ; 7ii follows words terminating 
in a cm, sonant other than n. After words ending in i (words of Chinese origin excepted) the i 
may be left out. 

This affix denotes : 

a. the genitive case or possession, origin, habitation, part, intention with which a thing 
is done (.;i), e.g. boo i ejen the master of the house ; abkai ejen the Lord of Heaven, God (5c i) '■> 
irgen i >i.rse those of the people ; urgun i doro the ceremony of congratulation. 

b. instrumentality (.H), e.g. siilie i with an axe. 

c an adverbial expression (^), e.g. fafun i legally. 

(Sometimes the i is left out, e g. gunin sukdun the spirit of thought, i.e. energy ; siden halm a 
supernumerary. The first noun is in such cases employed like an adjective. 

Of several nouns dependent on one, only the last of the dependent nouns takes the affix, e.g. 
a.ma Jui i boo the house or houses of the son and of the father. Ama i jui i boo means the house of 
the son of the father. 

2. De denotes the situation (in, at), the direction (towards, tipon, on), the address (to), the 
remaining with, according to, the locative and the dative: gurun de in the empire, towards the 
empire ; hotan de in or to the town ; doron de according to custom, solemnly ; na de on earth ; ere 
niijalma, de bumbi to give to this {ere) man {niyalma); tere niyalma de henduhe he spoke with that 
man ; dere de sindamU to place on the table ; si aibide genembi where {aihide) are you {si) going to ? 
tmoare de ja gojim£ yabure de mangga though {gojime) easy {ja) to look at {tuware de), it is difficult 
(mangga) to perform (j/abure de) ; niyalma de it is for man to ; abka de it is for heaven to (kotninis est, 
cceli est) ; juwe de gemu sartabure de isinambi to come to {isinambi) delaying {sartabure de) altogether 
{gemu) in either [juwe f/e) M T ® ^ M JS^ Ifc JS ; ^«»«^ ^i^e the Chinese ^ tu is here expletive. 

3. Be denotes the direct complement of the verb, the accusative, e.g. baita be gaimbi to take 
a thing ; erdemui beyebe dasambi by virtue we cultivate the body {beye be ourselves). Be is 
sometimes used as an expletive, e.g. huwasabuku mutehiku taciku tacikiyahu he ilibuji tacibume. 
hoioascibuhri serengge ujire be tacihiyaka serengge tacibure be mutebuhu serengge gabtabure be, 
establish {ilibuji) colleges, academies, schools and gj-mnasia for the instruction {tacibume) of the 
people. A college is for nourishment, an academy (and a school) for instruction, a gymnasium for 
archery (Mencius, GrabeJentz p. 90, Lcgge p. 118). This use of be might be explained as an 
ellipsis, a verb like to give {bumbi) or to teach {tacimbi) being understood. It may be left out, 
if the sentence is otherwise clear, e.g. bithe arambi to write a letter. 



6 

4. Ci is the sign of the ablative case (from, out of), denotes separation and is nsed in 
comparisons, e.g. erect amasi henceforward ; daci dubede isitala from beginning to end ; ubaci goro 
aka, not far from this ; ama eniye ci fakcafi, booci aljafi inenggi goidaha taking leave of his father 
and mother, he was long separated from his family ; yaci neneme jihe bike which came first ? 

It serves to form the comparative, e.g. minci amba bigger than myself. 
2. Peonouns. 

a. Personal Pronouns. 

bi I, si thon, i he {tere that), be we, muse we, suwe yon, ce they. Muse means (like the 
Pekingese P§ P^ tsa men) we that are speaking together, we that belong to one family, one clan, 
one nation. The above are declined as follows : — 



he, she, it ce they 
ni ceni 

nde cende 



nom. bi I be we muse we si thou suwe you 

gen. mini Tneni musei sini suweni 

dat. minde mende musede sinde suwende 

ace. mimbe membe musebe simbe suwembe imbe cembe 

abl. minci menci museci sinci suwenci inci cenci. 

For I, myself, etc., beye is added to the genitive : mini beye, sini heye, etc. For he himself 
ini beye or gula beye is used. 

b. Possessive Pronouns. These are formed by adding ngge to the genitive of the personal 
pronouns : miningge mine, siningge thine, etc. Often the genitive without ngge is thus employed : 
meni morin our horse. Ere this, tere that frequently stand for the third person : terei ganin his 
opinion ; eseingge theirs, belonging to them. 

c. Demonstrative Pronouns. These are ere this, tere that : — 

nom. ere this ese these tere that tese those 

gen. erei, ereni esei terei tesei 

dat, ede, erede esede tede, terede tesede 

ace. erebe esebe terebe tesebe 

abl. ereci eseci tereci teseci. 

If used as adjectives, ere and tere do not add the case affixes. Sometimes uba this and 
tuha that are used, but always alone, not in combination with nouns. 

d. Interrogative Pronouns. These are we (gen. wei, dat. wede, ace. webe, abl. weei) who ? ai 
(ace. aimbe, abl. ainci) what ? which ? ya who ? what ? With we are formed weingge, weike which ? 
of what nature ? With ai : aibi, ai gese, aiba what ? ai yadare how much ? aba where ? etc. With 
ya : yaci who ? what ? yaka how ? 

At the end of interrogative sentences it is common to append ni or o, e.g. marimbio shall 1 
back out ? When following the future participle in ra (re, ro) o sometimes implies a request : minde 
hulabureo do cause me to study ! {hulambi to study, hulabumbi passive or causative, halabure future 
participle). 

e. Indefinite Pronouns : aiha, aimaka somebody, ya everybody, yamaka whoever, etc. 
3. Numerals. 

a. The Cardinal Numerals are : — 

1 emu, emke 6 ninggun 

2 juwe 7 nadan 

3 ilan 8 jakun 

4 duin 9 uyun 

5 sunja 10 juwan 



11 J/iiran emu 70 nadanju 

r,' „ juice 80 jakimja 

13 „ ilan. 90 ui/anja 

14 „ (I III II 100 tangga 

15 tofolton 101 tangga emn 

16 jmvan ninggun, etc. 200 _;;«»e tanggu 

20 ()r/;t 300 ?7aM tanggn, etc. 

21 or/w COTM, etc. 1000 minggan 
30 (7 .^/?i 10,000 «emeH 

40 A'/// 100,000 jiiwan tumen 

50 A'wsa/ 1,000,000 tangga tumen. 
60 ?!»i;w 

The liiglier numerals (up to 100 trillious huju baja) are not origiually Manchn, bat were 
introduced into Buddhist works in imitation of Tibetau numerals which again were originally 
Sanscrit. 

h. The Ordinal Numerals are formed by adding ci to the cardinals, dropping a fiaal n except 
in jiacati ten and tumen ten thousand, in which two the n is part of the root : 

The first tijn, vjui, vjuci, tuktaii, emuci, the very first ujui uju, niongnio, bonggo. 

The second j'a/, jaici, juweci. 

The third ilaci The ninth w/uci 

The fourth cluici The tenth, jtiwajici 

The tifth sunjaci The eleventh _/M2^;an emuci 

The sixth ningguci The hundredth tangguci 

The seventh nadaci The thousandth minggaci 

The eighth ja/nlci The ten thousandth tumenci. 

For the days of the month and for the months and years other expressions are in use : the 
first day of the month ke ; the first month iob biga {}£ ^); the first year (of an emperor's reign) 
sucungga aniya (^ ^) ; the 3rd day of the 3rd moon ilangga inenggi ; the 7th day of the 7th moon 
nadanqga inenggi ; the 16th day of the 1st moon niohun ; the 11th moon omson biya; the 12th moou 
jorgon biya. 

The first of 2 or 3 sons is uda, the second 7'a<?m. 

d. Distributive Numerals are formed by adding ta, te, to, to the cardinals, final u being 
dropped as with the ordinal numerals (except in juwan 10 and tumen 10,000). 

one by one emte (for emute) by 8 jakata by 50 susaita. 

by twos juwete ,, 9 uyute „ 60 ninjute. 

„ threes itata „ 10 juwanta „ 70 nadanjtda (te). 

„ fonrs duite „ 15 to/okoto „ 80 ja/a'cnjute. 

„ fives sunjata „ 20 orita „ 90 uyunjute. 

„ sixes ninggute „ 30 gusita „ 100 tanggota. 

„ sevens nadata „ 40 dehite „ 1000 minggata. 

„ 10,000 tumente. 

„ several udute. 

e. Fractional numerals : dulin, dulga, andala, tubi, dulimba, Jiontoho half; \ duin ci emu ; 
i ilan ci emu. 

f. Multiplicative Numerals are ,formed by adding ubu or rsu (ursu) to the cardinals with 
elision of final n (except as above in juwan and tumen): 

single emursu, emu ubu ; ^ 

double j ursu, jicwe ubu, tibui ; ubuifulu (twice as much), ^/wrw, bahcin ; 



8 

threefold ilarsu ilan uhu ; 

ninefold uyursu ; 

hundredfold tanggHrsu. 

With reference to textile fabrics 7'i is used : ilari threefold, simjari fivefold, jakari eightfold. 

Other numeral expressions are : gemu both, durbejengge square, with four angles. 

4. Verbs. 

There are in Manchu pure verbal stems of one and more syllables like o to be, ara to write, 
and verbs derived from nouns and adjectives. 

The more common syllables used in case of such derivation are: 

ta, to, te, da, do, de : gosin humanity — gositambi (also without any insertion : gosi — mhi) ; jali 
cvs&Y—jaHidambi to cheat. 

na, no, ne : abdaha a leaf — abdahanambi to leaf ; acan union — acanambi to meet. 

la, le: hiyoomn (^ Jj3) filial piety — hiyoosulambi to treat with filial piety ; aba a hunt — 
abalambi to hunt. 

du, ndu : hiyodsun filial piety — hiyoosundumbi. 

ra, ro, re: gisun word — gisurembi to speak. 

sa, so, se : injeku merry — injekusembi to laugh at ; adali similar — adalisambi to be similar. 

In some cases it is doubtful whether the verb is derived from the noun or whether the latter 
is of verbal derivation : isan a meeting, isambi to meet ; ii-en the track of fish, irenembi to ruffle 
the water (as fish do). 

There are further syllables which, when added to the stem of verbs form new verbs. These 
are : 

ja, mostly reflexive : guninambi to think, guninjambi the same ; iiambi to meet, isamjambi 
to collect. 

nu, ndu, mostly cooperative : injembi to laugh, injendumbi to laugh together {injenumbi) ; 
arambi to do, arandumbi to do together. 

ca, CO, ce, cooperative and frequentative : injembi to laugh, injecembi to laugh together ; 
dedumbi to sleep, deducembi to sleep together. 

ji : wambi to kill, wajimbi to die ; arambi to do, aranjimbi to come to do. 

na, no, ne : isimbi to come near, isinambi to arrive. 

An accumulation of these syllables frequently occurs : ijumbi — ijurambi — ijursambi to 
besmear ; abalambi to hunt, abalanamhi to go hunting, abalanjimbi to come to the hunt, abalandumbi 
to hunt together ; acambi to meet, acalamhi to agree upon, acamjambi to collect, acanambi to meet, 
acandumbi to meet together, acanjimbi to come to meet. 

Moods and Tenses. To express the moods and tenses the Manchu verb has 23 forms. 

1. The stem ; the moods and tenses are produced by adding the following affixes to the stem 
of the verb :— 

2. mhi, 3. me, 4. ha {he, ho, ka, he, ko, nglea, ngJee, ngko), 5. ra (re, ro, ndara, ndere), 6. ci, 
7. U, 8. fi (pi, mpi), 9. mUhe, \0. hahi (hebi, hobi, kabi, hebi, kobi), 11. hdbihe (Jiebihe, hobihe, kabihe, 
kebihe, kobihe), 12. habici {hebici, hobici, kabici, kebici, kobici); 13. cibe, Li. cina (cun), Ih. kini, 16. 
mUme, 17. rnhifi, 18. nggala (nggele, nggolo), 19. mbumbi, 20. mbuhumbi, 21. ngge, 22. Ze {lengge), 
23. leme {lame}.* 



• Whenever hereafter any of these affixes is referred to, its number as here given will be C[uoted in brackets. 



Of these ha (4), ?■« (5), habi (10), hahihe (11), hahici (12), and wyf^ate (18) are subjected to 
the laws of vowel harmony. 

Taking in order the parts of the paradigm aramhi to write I will now explain each form. 

1. The stem is ara which at the same time serves as the Imperative : ai-a write ! 

2. By adding mbi we obtain the Present Tense : ara — mhi I write (there being no distinction 
of persons, this stands for I, thou, he, we, you, they write). 

3. Me added to the stem makes the Infinitive : ara — me to write ; this form is also an 
Indefinite Gerund : writing. 

4. The ailix ha forms the preterite : ara — ha I wrote. It is also a past participle : written, 
having written. 

5. The affix ;•« forms the Future : ara — ra I shall write ; it is also a participle : writing, 
going to write. 

6. a makes a Conditional Tense : ara — ci 1 should write, if I wrote, should I write, some- 
times to be translated by the present tense implying a doubt. 

7. Ki forms a Subjunctive of the present : ar-a — hi may he write. 

8. Fi forms a past Gerund : ara-^fi having written, after having written. 

The above eight are the fundamental forms ; the 15 others are formed by adding affixes to 
them. Those which are added to the stem are : — 

9. Mbihe forming an Imperfect Tense : ai-a — mbihe 1 was writing. 

10. Habi forming an Indefinite Past : ara— habi I have written. 

1 1. Habihe forming a Pluperfect : ara — habihe I had written. 

12. Habici forming a Past Conditional Tense : ara — hahici if I had written. 

13. Cibe forming an Adversative : ara — cibe although I may write, even if I write. 

14. Cina forming a Concessive : ara — cina may he write if he likes, may he write what he 
likes. An old form cun {ara — cun) is found in a translation of the Shiking (Book of Odes). 

15. Kini forming an Optative : ara — kini would that he wrote ! Cina and Uini are also used in 
an imperative or passive sense. 

16. Mbime forming a Gerund : ara — mbi me whilst writing. 

17. Mbifi forming a Gerund : ara — mbiji having written. 

18. Nggala denotes that a thing has not yet been done : ara — nggala before I wrote, before 
writing. 

19. Mbumhi forming the Passive or Causative Mood: ara — mbumbi is written, causes to write. 
This then becomes a new verb, which as an independent stem (arambu) takes all the other affixes. 

20. Mbubumhi forming a Causative of the Passive : ara — mhubumbi causes to be written. 
The following affixes are added to the forms in ha (4) and ra (5) : — 

21. Ngge forming Verbal Nouns and Adjectives : ara — ha — ngge, ara — ra — ngge that which is 
written, the writing ; that which he has written ; he is writing ; he who is writing. 

22. Le adds an indefinite meaning : ara — ha — le, ara — ra — le whoever writes, whatever is 
written. This affix is originally ele (whoever) and the Chiuese-Manchu Grammar Tsing "Wen Ki 
Mung (vol. II, fol. 32 b) is wrong in giving two forms le and la, subjecting them to the law of 
harmony. This form also takes the affix ngge: ara — ha — le — ngge, ara—ra — le — 7igge — whosoever 
is writing. 

23. lame (leme) added to the future in ra (5) renders the meaning adverbial : ara — ra—lame 
in the manner of writing. 



10 



PAEADIGM OF AMAMBI TO WRITE. 



1. Imperative 

2. Present Tense 


ara 
arambi 


3. Infinitive 


arame 


4. Preterite 


araha 


5. Future 


arara 


6. Conditional 


araci 


7. Subjunctive Present 

8. Past Gerund 


araki 
arafi 


9. Imperfect 
10. Indefinite Past 


arambihe 
arahabi 


11. Pluperfect 

12. Past Conditional 


arahabihe 
arahabici 


13. Adversative 


aracibe 


14. Concessive 


aracina 


15. Optative 

16. Gerund I. 


arakini 
arambime 


17. „ II. 

18. „ III. 

19. Passive 


arambifi 

aranggala 

arambumbi 


20. Causative or Passive 


arambubumbi 


21. Verbal Noun 

22. Indefinite 


arahangge, ararangge 
arahale, ararale 


23. Adverbial 


araralame 



write I 

I write. 

to write. 

I wrote. 

I shall write. 

should I write. 

may he write. 

having written. 

I was writing. 

I have written. 

I had written. 

if I had written. 

although he may write. 

may he write. 

would that he wrote. 

whilst writing. 

having written. 

before writing. 

it is written. 

I cause to be written. 

the writing, the writer. 

whoever writes. 

in themanner of writing. 



gaimbi 

jembi 

jimbi 

ombi 

tucimbi 



IRREGULARITIES. 

1. The following verbs have an irregular Imperative : — 
to request — baisu. 
to be — bisu. 
to receive — gaisu. 
to eat —jefu. 
to come — jio, ju. 
to become — oso. 
to go forth — tusinu. 

wasimbi to fall — wasinu. 
wesimbi to rise —wesinu. 

2. The sign of the Past Tense ha, he, ho, hi,, he, ho, ngha, nghe, ngho; and the sign of the 
Future ra, re, ro, ndara, ndere, ndoro are subject to the laws of vowel harmony. The general rules 
are : — 

a. verbs with the stem in a have ha {ka) and ra. Exceptions with ha, re: buktalambi, 
cihalsambi, cilcilambi, maimasambi, manjurambi, miyoocalambi, nionggalambi, niyakurambi, tungni- 
gambi. With he, ra : derakulambi,faishalambi, sosambi. With ho, ro : morilambi. 

b. verbs with the stem in e have he {ke) and re. Exceptions : siderilembi {ha, re) ; 
giyolorsembi (ho, ro). 

c. verbs with the stem in o have ho (ko) andro. Exceptions : doombi (ha, re); /ombi {ha, re) ; 
gombi, goha, gondoro ; joombi {ha, re) ; leombi or loombi {ha, re) ; neombi {he, re) ; niyaniombi {ha, re) ; 
sombi {ha, re); tungniombi {ha, re) ; yombi, yoha, yoro, yondoro. 



11 

d. verbs in u with a preceding have /ta (ka), ra {re). Exception : nvjanggumhi (lie, re). 

e. verbs in i with « preceding have ha (ka), ra {re). Exception : alanggimbi {he, re). 

f. verbs in i with e preceding have he (ke), re. Exception : kesimbi {ha, re). 

g. verbs in n with e preceding have he {ke), re. Exception : felisimbi {ha, re). 
Dahamhi forms daha (instead of dahaha), hahamhi forms haha. 

A number of verbs, however, contrary to the above rules, take ha, ra ; ha, re; he re ; ho, 
ro ; ha, raj ka, re ; he, re ; ho, ro ; ha and ka, ra ; ha and ha, re ; ha and ke, re ; ha and he, re ; ha 
and ho, ro ; he and ho, ro ; ke and he, re ; ho and ho, ro ; he and ho, ro. It would be to no purpose 
to give the long lists of these verbs, Sakharoff's Dictionary gives the affixes used by each verb. 

The following verbs are only used in the Indefinite Past : ahulikahi, absakabi, bemberekebi, 
delerehehi, farakahi, feherehehi, geigerehebi, genggerekebi, gigabsarahabi, giiwasakabi, ihnerehebi, 
jahjarahabi, jerekebi, joholikabi, juyehehi, laifarahabi, lebderekebi, lukdurehehi, wei'uhehi. 

The following verbs are found only as participles in ha, ke and ho : fu&ehe, niyehsehe, oyoho, 
sureke, uldehe, undaraho. 

Certain verbs form the Preterite in ngha, nghe, ngho, the future in ndara, ndere, ndoro. 
Others form the Past Gerund in pi, mpi instead of in Ji. The following list gives the verbs with 
these irregularities, including the verbs already mentioned with irregular Imperatives. 

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Verb. 


Imperative. 


Preterite. 


Future. 


Past Gerund. 


bahambi 




baha 






baimbi 


baisu 


baiha 


baire 




bambi 




bangka 


bandar a 




bimbi 


bis a 


bihe 


bisire 




bisarambi 








bisarapi 


bombi 




bongko 


bore, bondoro 


infin. bonme 


cambi 




caha, cangka 


cara 


cafi 


colgorombi 




colgoroko 


colgororo 


colgoropi 


dahambi 




daha 






deserembi 








deserepi 


duksembi 








duksepi 


dulembi 








dulepi 


eldembi 




eld eke 


eldere 


eldepi 


eyembi 








eyepi 


falarambi 








falarapi 


farambi 




faraha, faraka 


farara 


farapi 


febumbi (fembi) 




febuhe 


febure 


fempi 


fombi 




foha 


fore 


fompi, condit. fomci 


fosombi 








fosopi 


fumbi 




fungke 




fumpi 


gaimbi 


gaisu 


gaiha 


gaire 




gajimbi 


gaju 








gerembi 




gerehe, gereke 


gerere, gerendere 




gombi 




goha 


gondoro 




guwembi 




guwengke 


guwendere 


guwempi, cond, guwenci 


gumbi 




guha 


guudere 




guwaliyambi (hu) 




giiwaliyaka 


guwaliyara 


giiwaliyapi, hiiwaliyapi 



12 



Verb. 


Imperative. 


Preterite. 


Future. 


Past Gerund. 


hafnmbi 




hafuka 


hafundere 


hafupi 


hatambi 




hataha 


hatara, hatandara 




jailambi 




jailaha 


jailara, jailandara 




jaksambi 








jaksapi 


jalambi 




jalaka 


jalara, jalandara 


jalapi 


jalambi 




jaluka 


jalura 


jalnpi 


jembi 


jefu 


jeke, jengke 


jetere, jendere 


jempi 


jimbi 


jio, ju 


jihe 


jidere 


[jongki 


jombi 




jongko 


jondoro 


jompi, cond. jonci, opt. 


jumbi 




jungke 


jure 


jumpi, opt. jubki 


jurambi 








jurapi 


jnwambi 




juwangka, juwaka 


juwara, jore 


juwampi 


iiiorombi 








nioropi 


ombi, oombi 


oso 


oho 


ojoro 




sambi 




sangka 


sara 


sampi 


sembi 




sengke 


sere 




sosombi 




sosoko 


sosoro 


sosopi 


sninbi 




sungke, snlie 


sure 




sahurambi 




sahuraka 


sahurara 


sahurapi 


sambi 




sangka, saha 


sara 




sarambi 








sarapi 


sumbi ^ 


• 


sungke 


sure 


sumpi 


teyembi 




teyehe 


teyere, teyendere 




twcimbi 


tucinu 


tucihe, tncike 


tucire 




ukambi 




ukaha, nkaka 


ukara, ukandara 




wasimbi 


wasinu 


wasika, ha 


wasire 




wembi 




wengke 


were, wendere 


wempi, inf. weme 


wesimbi 


wesinu 


wesike 


wesire 


wesipi 


yombi 




yoha 


yoro, yondoro 


±r 


yumbi 




yungke 


yudere, yundere 


yumpi 



The Verb in the Negative. 

Negation is expressed by ahu not, is not (^, /p, ^, ^ ?|f), waka not, no (;?; ^), ume (^) 
Ao not, unde not yet, umai not, not at all. 

When joined to the Present Tense aku simply follows : bi gisurembi aku I do not speak. 
With other verbal forms ahu loses its a : araha — ku he has not written, genehe — ku he did not go. 
Joined to the Future the a of aku remains : arar — aku he will not write, gener—aku he will not go. 
The affixes ci, fi, and ngge follow aku : generakuci if he does not go, akufi not existing, bisirahangge 
those who are not present (7^ ^ g^). When alone aka takes the regular affixes : hi akambi I am 
not. A double negation often occurs, akaiigge ahu (3^ ;;f;) : serakangge aka nothing unsaid, he 
says everything. 

In interrogative sentences aka adds an n: si sembio ahun will you eat or not ? 

Waka not, no, is either employed like aku, but without taking the affixes, or stands at the 
beginning of a sentence and then means no : manju hithe hulambi wakao do yon not study Manchu ? 

Ume followed by the verb in the Future Tense (ra) expresses prohibition : ume fusihus'ara 
do not despise ; urns gunire do not think. 

Unde is preceded by the verb in the Future Tense (m) : hi sahure unde 1 have not yet seen. 



13 

5. Adverbs. 

Manchu Adverbs are either primitive or derived from nouas, proaouQS, numerals, or verbs. 

a. Primitive Adverbs are indeclinable words like inn yes, coro after to-morrow, etc., of which 
there are a great number. 

b. Nouns are transformed into Adverbs by the affix i : ati-i according to custom ; de ; dorcm 
de solemnly; ci: daci from the beginning, naturally; dari: biijadari monthly. Many adjectives, 
especially those ending ia saka, cicka, cuke may be used as Adverbs. 

c. The Pronouns furnish a great number of Adverbs : aide where ?, aibaci wherefrom ?, etc. 

d. Most of the Numerals may be used as Adverbs. To the Ordinal Numerals de is added : 
jaide secondly. Others are formed by adding geri, nggeri, jergi, irrndan, mari : emgeri once ; 
ilanggeri thrice ; emu mudan, emu mari once, heme, forms multiplicative Adverbs : tumenlema 
10,000 fold. 

e. The verbal forms in me (arame), mbime {arambime), leme, lame preceded by the verb in the 
Future Tense (arai-alame) may all be used as adverbial expressions. 

_/. Many Adverbs are formed by adding the negation aka : erin aku never ; hercun aku 
unexpectedly. 

6. Postpositions. 

These are either simple or compound. 

a. The Simple Postpositions are the case affixes i, de, ci : i with, with the help of : suhe i 
with the axe ; de in, at, on, towards, upon, to : hoton de in or to the town ; ci from, out of : hoo ci 
from the house. 

h. The Compound Postpositions follow the noun without any case affix or are preceded by i, 
de, be, or ci : omoi jakade near the pond ; alin de isitala as far as to the mountain ; fafun be 
dahame in accordance with the law ; julge ci ebsi from antiquity. 

7. Conjunctions. 

Beside several postpositions being used as Conjunctions l\kQ jahade when, because, isitala as 
soon as, turgunde as, because, etc., there are primitive Conjunctions like uthai therefore, damu but, 
and derivatives of verbs like cohome consequently, tuwame with regard to, oci (from ombi") if, ocibe 

althouo-h, ofi because, of nouns Y\k.& fonde at the time when, bade when, of pronouns like aihe 

aibe as well as, and of numerals like emgeri emgeri now now. 

8. Inteejections. 

There is a great variety of Interjections in Manchu : ai ah, ara alas, yaka ah, adada bravo, 
cibse hush, takasu stop, cu oif, etc. A number ,of onomatopoetic interjections are used as verbs 
when followed by semhi (to speak) : kab snap, kab sembi to snap at ; kanggar hinggur helter-skelter, 
with sembi to fall with a great noise. 

III. SYNTAX. 

The position of words in a sentence is governed by the general rule, that every word precedes 
that by which it is governed. Thus the genitive stands before the noun on which it depends, e.g. 
boo i ejen the master of the house. 

The adjective, participle, or demonstrative pronoun precedes its noun, e.g. nikan mudan the 
Chinese pronunciation ; mutere baita a thing which can be done ; tere nvjalma that man. 

The object stands before its governing verb, e.g. bithe arambi I write a letter. 



14 

The verb stands last ia the sentence and can only be followed by a conjunction. The 
sentence " when 1 had given that thing to my father yesterday " would be rendered in Manchu : 
sikse (yesterday) bi (I) mini ama de (to my father) tere (that) baita be (thing) buhabihe (pluperfect of 
humii to give) manggi (when). 

Subordinate verbs precede the conclusive verb and take the form of the Past Gerund in Ji or 
the Conditional in ci, e.g. cooha be gaifi amasi bederehe he took {gaifi, Past Gerund of gaimbi) the 
army {cooha be) and retreated (bederehe, Preterit of bederembi) backwards {amasi) ; having collected 
his army he retreated. 

Coordinate verbs standing first in the same sentence take the form of the Infinitive (or 
Gerund) in me and only the last verb takes the tense affix required, e.g. muse niyalma jalan de 
hanjifi inenggidari jabosome seolems, beye dubentele kiceme fdSsame dulekengge be amcame] aliyara 
gosihon babi, we men (muse niyalma) having been born {banjiji, Past Gerund of banjimbi) into the 
world (Jalan de), are daily (inenggidari) afflicted {jobosome. Gerund of jobosombi) and vexed 
(seoleme. Gerund of seolembi), till the end {dubentele) we fatigue (kiceme, Gerund of kicembi) and 
exert (faasame. Gerund o? fassambi) ourselves (peye), expecting (aliyara, Future Participle of 
aliyambi) again and again (aTHcame) that which is past (dulekengge be ) we are really (babi) miserable 
(gosihon). 

The following pages will serve as reading lessons and as exercises for the elucidation of 
Manchu syntax. The text is taken from the " Tanggu meyen" (Hundred Chapters) a book of 
Manchu-Chinese dialogues, v. page 10 of my " Essay on Manchu Literature" in Journal of C. B. 
of R. A. S. vol. xxiv (1890). The Chinese version of these dialogues is familiar to every student 
of Chinese, as it forms the " Hundred Lessons " in the Tzu-6rh-chi of Sir Thomas Wade, of whose 
classical English translation I have availed myself. By comparing the Chinese of these dialogues 
the interesting fact will be noticed that certain peculiarities of Pekingese are Manchuisms foreign to 
ordinary " Mandarin." 



15 






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Senior. So I hear you are studying 
Manchu, eh ? that's right. Manchu is with 
us Manchus the first and foremost of 
essentials ; it is to us, in short, what the 
language spoken in his own part of the 
country is to a Chinese ; so it would never 
do to be without a knowledge of Manchu, 
would it ? 



donjici, Condit. tense (6) of donjimhi to 
hear : I hear, but I am not sure, whe- 
ther it is so 

Si thou 

te now 

manju Manchu 

hithe book 

taciinbi Present Tense (2) to learn 

sembi (2) to say, here merely closing the 
report he heard 

umesi very 

sain good 

manju Manchu 

gisun word, speech 

serengge Future Part, of sembi to say, 
namely 

nv.isei we, with genitive affix i, of us 

manjusai Manchus, gen. plur. ^a-i 

ujiii first, with genitive affix i \ the first of 

uju first j the first 

oyonggo important 

baita thing, matter 

uthai therefore, it is as 

nikasai, pi. of nikan Chinese (nikasa) with 

gen. affix i of the Chinese 
me7ii meni every 
ba place 
i ofenitive affix 
gisun word, speech 
i genitive affix 
adcdi alike, similar to 
bahanarakuci Fut, (.5) of bahanambi to 

comprehend, with negation aku and 

oci Conditional (6) of ombi to be, if 

you should not know 

ombio Pros, Tense (2) of ombi to be, with 
interrogative o, will that do 1 



16 



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Junior, To be sure not. I have been 
studying Chinese for over ten years, but I 
am still as far as ever from seeing my way 
in it. Then if I can't master Manju and 
learn to translate, I shall have broken down 
at both ends of the line. 



inu yes, indeed 
waJca not 

oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be, it may 
ai what ? 
bil 

juwan ten 
aniya year 
funceme Inf. (3) of funcemhi to exceed, 

coordinate definite verb followed by 

taciha: I have exceeded and learned 
nikan Chinese 
hithe book 
taciha Pret. (4) of tacimbi to learn : I have 

learned 
tetele from te now and tele till ; up to the 

present, still 
umai not at all 
dube point, end, extreme 
da beginning, dube da the very beginning 
tuciralm Fut. (5) of tucimbi to appear, with 

ahu not : it does not appear 
jai second, further 
aikabade if 
manju Manchu 
bithe book 
hularaku Fut. (5) of hulambi to read, to 

study, with aim not : shall not study 
ubaliyambure Fut. partio. (.5) of ubaliyam- 

bumbi to translate 
be accusative affix 
tacirahu Fut. (5) of tacimbi to learn with 

akii not 
oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 
juwe detwo, with postpos. in 
gemu both, alike 
sartabure Fut. (5) of sartabumbi to be 

delayed 
de postpos. to 
isinambi to arrive 



17 






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So I am come to-day, sir, in the first 
place, to pay my respects to you, and, in 
the next, to ask a favour of you. I find 
it not so easy to open the subject, however. 

Sekioe. What's your difficulty ? pray 
say what you have got to say. If it's 
anything that 1 can do for you, do you 
suppose that, with the relations existing 
between us, I shall try to back out ? 



uttu thus 

qfi Past Gerund (8) of ombi to be : having 

been 
emiide firstly 

oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 
age elder brother, sir 
be accusative affix 
tmvanjiha Pret. (4) of tuivanjimbi to call 

(composed of tuwambi to see and jimbi 

to come) 
jaide secondly 
oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 
geli also 

sahda old, experienced 
ahun elder brother 
de dative affix 
baire Fut. Participle (5) of baimbi to 

request 
babi from ba place, occasion and hi there is 
damu but 
baibi only 
angga mouth 

juwara Fut. Part. (5) of juivambi to open 
de in 

mangga difficult 
ede so, then 

aibi (from ai what and bi is) what ? 
gisun word, speech 
bid Cond. (6) of bimbi to be : if there are 

words 
uthai then 

gisure Imp. (1) oi gisiiremhi to speak 
mini (gen. of bi I) my 
mutere Fut. Part. (5) of mutembi to be able 

to do 
baita matter 

oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 
sinde dative of si thou 
bil 

geli too 

marimbio to turn the head away, to back 
out, with interrogative o. 



18 



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Junior. What I have to ask, then, is 
this : that you will so far take an interest 
in me as to put yourself to a little trouble 
on my account ; I will tell you how. Find 
time, if you can, to compose a few phrases 
in Manchu for me to study, and if I manage 
to succeed at all, I shall regard it entirely 
as your work. 



mini my 

bairengge Fut. Part. (21) of haimbi to 

request : that which I shall request 
age elder brother, sir 

gosici Cond. (6) of gosimbi to be kind to 
sadamhi Present (2) to be (get) tired 
seme Inf. or Ger. (3) of semhi tq say : 

saying 

ainara Fut. (5) of ainambi to do wha,t ? 

solo leisure 

solo leisure 

dein ' 

udu several, some 

meyen chapter 

manju Manchu 

(^isuft word, speech 

banjibufi Past Ger, (8) of banjibumbi to 
create, ptepare : having prepared 

minde dat. for me 

hulabureo Future (5) of causative of hu- 
Iambi to read, to study with o implying 
a request : please cause me to study 

deo younger brother 

bil 

bahafi Past Ger. (8) of bahambi to obtain, 
to succeed 

hMwasaci Cond. (6) of huwasambi to in- 
crease, to prosper 

gemu entirely 

age elder brother, sir 

i genitive afl&x 

kesi grace 

kai is (final particle). 



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Sir, I shall never forget your kindness, 
and shall not fail to repay it handsomely. 

Senioe. What are you talking about ? 
you are one of us, are you not ? My only 
fear would have been that you were not 
anxious to learn ; but, since you are wil- 
ling, I shall be only too glad to contribute 
to your success. 



ainaha seme certainly 

haili kindness 

be accusative affix 

onggorahu Fut. (5) of onggomhi to forget, 

with akii not 
urimahu must 
ujeleme Ger. (3) of ujelemhi to make heavy, 

to increase : increasingly 
harulald Subj. (7) of karulambi to repay 
ainu why ? 
uttu thus 

gisuremhi to speak 
si thou 
aika perhaps 

gurun empire 1 fo^.^ ^^^j, interrogative o 

guivao otlier J ° 

damu only 

sini gen. of si thou 

tacirahu Fut. (5) of tacimbi to learn, with 

aku not. 
be accusative affix 
hendumbi to speak 
dere final particle expressing a doubt 
taciki Subj. (7) of tacimbi to learn 
seci Cond. (6) of se?n6i to say, to be willing 
tetendere supposing 
bil 
nehulefi Patt Ger. (8) of nekulembi to be 

useful 
simhe ace. of si thou 
niyalma man 

o/cm Opt. (15) of ombi to make 
sembikai to say, with A;c«', final particle 



20 



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Talk of handsome return, indeed! people 
as intimate as you and I are should never 
use such language to one another. 

Junior. Well, sir, if that's the way of 
it, I am sure I feel extremely obliged. I 
have only to make you my best bow, and 
I shall say no more. 



karulaU Subj. (7) of harulambi to repay 

serengge Verbal Noun (21) oi sembi to say: 
that which you said 

ai what ? 

gisun word, speech 

musei gen. of muse we, we two 

dolo interior, in the family 

gisureci Cond. (6) of gisurembi to speak 

omhio to be, can, may, with interrogative o : 
will that do ? 

tuttu thus 

ooi Cond. (6) of omhi to be 

bil 

huksehe Pret. (4) of huJcsembi to be thank- 
ful 

seme Inf. or Ger. (3) of sembi to say 

wajiraku Fut. (5) of wajimbi to end, with 
aku not : infinitely 

damu only 

hengkiseme Inf or Ger. (3) of hengkisemhi 
to prostrate oneself 

baniha thanks 

bure Fut. (5) of bvmhi to give 

dabala only 

geli besides 

ai what ? 

sere Fut. (5) of sembi to say. 



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II. Senior. Why, when did you find, 
time to learn all the Manchu you know 
sir? Your pronunciation is good and you 
speak quite intelligibly. 

JuNioPv. Oh, sir, you are too compliment- 
ary. My Manchu does not amount to 
anything. There's a friend of mine who 
really does talk well ; 



age elder brother, sir 

smi thy 

manju Manchu 

gisun word, speech 

ai what ? 

solo leisure 

de in 

taciha Pret. (4) of tacimhi to learn 

mudan pronunciation 

gairengge Verbal Noun (21) of gaimbi to 

take, to obtain 
sain good 

bime Ger. (3) of bimbi to be 
tomorlion clear .• 

mini my 
manju Manchu 
gisun word, speech 
be accusative affix 
ai what ? 

dabufi Past. Ger. (8) of dabumbi to count 
gisurere Fut. Part, oi gisurembi to speak 
babi from ba place and bi it is 
age elder brother, sir 
gosime Ger. (3) of gosimbi to love 
oji Past Gerund (8) of ombi to be 
uttu thus 
dabali excessively 

maktara Fut. (5) of maMambi to praise 
mini my 
emu one 
^MCM friend 
i genitive affix 
manju Manchu 
gisun word, speech 
sain good 



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He is thoroughly at home in the lan- 
guage — intelligible, fluent, and speaks with- 
out a particle of Chinese accent, he is quite 
proficient. Then, besides, he has such a 
stock of words and phrases. Now, that is 
what one may call a good scholar, if you 
please. 

Senior. How does he compare with you ? 

Junior. Me! I should never venture 
to compare myself with him; I am as far 
from being his match 



getuken intelligible 

Mme Ger. (3) of bimbi to be 

dacun quick, fluent 

majige little 

nikan Chinese 

mudan pronunciation 

aku not 

umesi very 

urehebi Indef. Past (10) of urembi to be 

ripe, proficient 
tuttu thus 

hime Ger. (3) of bimbi to be 
san ear 
ffeli further 
fe old, the meaning is : he has heard much 

old language 
tere he 

teni high, with adverbial afiix i 
mangga diflicult, qualified 
seoi Cond. (6) of semhi to say, to call 
omhi to be 
tere he 
sinci from si thou and ci from, tp express 

the comparative 
antaka how ? 
Ul 

adccrame how ? 
inde dat. of i he : to him 
duibuleci Cond. (6) of duilembi to compare 
ombini to be, with interrogative ni : would 

that do ? 
fuhali altogether 
tede dat. of tere he 
bahcin rival, match 
waha not 



23 



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as the heavens are from the earth. 

Senior. What is the reason of that? 
Junior. Oh, he has been much longer 
at it, and knows a great deal more. Then 
he is very studious ; he has been commit- 
ting to memory steadily ever since he began, 
without stopping ; the book is never out of 
his hand. I should have trouble enough 
to come up to him. 



ahlca heaven 

na earth 

i genitive affix 

gese equal 

sandalahuhabi Ind. Past. (10) of sandala- 

humbi to be separated. 
turgun reason 
ai what ? 

seci Cond. (6) of sembi to say, call 
ini his 
tacihangge verbal noun (21) of tacimhi to 

learn 
sumin deep 
hahanahangge Verbal Noun (21) of haha- 

nambi to comprehend 
labdw much 
hitlie book 
de in, for 

amuran having a passion for 
tetele till now 
hono also 
angga mouth :, 
ci from 
hoJcoburalm Fut. (5) of hohobumhi to leave 

off, with aku not 
hulambi to read, study 
gala hand 
ci from 
aljaburahu Fut. of aljabumbl to separate, 

with aJcil not 
tuivambi to see, to look 
imbe him 

amcald Subj. (7) of amcamhl to reach 
seci Cond. of semli to say 
yala certainly 
mangga difficult 



24 



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Senior. Nay, my young friend, I think 
you are making a slight mistake. Don't 
you remember what the proverb says : "If 
you are constant, you will penetrate a rock " ? 
What he knows he knows only because he 
has learnt it; it has not come to him by 
intuition. And are we in any way otherwise 
constituted 1 not at all ! 



age elder brother, sir 

sini thy 

ere this 

gisun word, speech 

majige little 

tasarabuhaku Pret. (4) of tasarabumhi td 

cause an' error, with aku not 
semeo Inf. or Ger. (3) of sembi to say, to 

think, with interrogative o 
donjici Cond. (6) of donjimbi to hear 
hing yf'ith. sembi to be careful, constant 
sere Fut. (5) of sembi to say 
oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be : if 
hada rock 
de in 

hafumbi to penetrate 
sehebi Indef. Past (10) of sembi to say 
tere he 
inu yes, also 

taciji Past Ger. (8) of tacimbi to learn 
bahanahangge Verbal Noun (21) of balia- 

nambi to comprehend 
dabala only. 
umai no.t at all 
banjinjiji Past Ger. (8) of banjinjimbi to 

come into life 
bahanahangge Verbal Noun (21) of baha- 

nambi to comprehend 
waJca not 

Jcai is, final particle 
muse wo (two) 
tede dat. of tere he : to him 
isirahungge Verbal Noun (21) of isimbi to 

arrive, with aku not 
ya whatsoever 
&a place 



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Well, then, no matter Low exact or 
practised a speaker he may be, all we have 
to do is to make up our mind and apply 
ourselves to the language ; and if we don't 
quite reach the point he has attained, Ave 
shall not be very far behind him, I suspect. 



i he 

ai what ? 

liacin kind 

i genitive affix 

hahanaha Pret. (4) of halianamhi to compre- 
hend 

urehe Pret. (4) of uremhi to be proficient 

ohini Opt. (15) of omhi to be, may 

mitse we 

damu only 

mujilen heart 

he accusative affix 

teng with semhi to be firm 

seCTe Ger. (.3) of semhi to say 

jafa_fi Past Ger. (8) of jafamhi to take 

(junin thought 

girkn/i Past Ger. (8) oi girhumhi to exert 

tacici Cond. (6) of tacimhi to learn 

udu althougli 

tere tliat 

ten hight 

de to, at 

isiname Ger. (3) of isinomhi to arrive 

vniterahn Put. (.5) of miitemhi to l)e able, 
with ahl not 
I hicihe Ad vers. (13) oihiinhl to be 

inu yes, certaiuly 
! urunaku -without doubt 

hammamhi to come near 

dere final particle expressing a presumption. 



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III. Senior. As to becoming a translator 
of Manchu, you are a Chinese scholar, and 
you can have no difficulty in learning to 
translate. All you need is an exclusive 
devotion of your mind to the one subject. 
Don't let anything interfere with your studies, 
and let these be progressive ; and in two or 
three years, 



si thou 

■nikan Chinese 

hithe book 

'bahanara Fut. Part. (5) of bahanambi to 

comprehend 
niyalma man 
hai is, final particle 
ubaliyambure Fut. (5) of ubaUyambumbi to 

translate 
be accusative affix 
tacici Cond. (6) of tacimbi to learn 
umesi very 
ja easy 
dabala only 
gunin thought 

girhuji Past Ger. (8) of girkumbi to exert 
giyalan interval 
lakcan interruption 
aku not 
emu one ; emu anani one after the other, 

without interruption 
tacime Ger. (3) oi tacimbi to learn 
ohode supposing, if 
juwe two 
ilan three 
aniya year 
I genitive affix 
siden middle 
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as a matter of course, you will be well 
on your way. If you glow for one clay and 
are cold for ten days in your study, you 
may read for 20 years, but it will come to 
nothing. 

IV. Jqniok. Will you do me the favour 
to look over these translations, sir, and 
make a few corrections ? 



ini cisui as a matter of course 
duhe point, end, extreme 
da beginning, dube da the very beginning 
tucimhi to come out 
oiha if 
emu one 
inenggi day 

Jiyakiyara Fut. (.5) ofjiyakiyambi to glow 
juivan ten 
inenggi day 

sahurara Fut. (5) of saMvramhi to be cold 
aelali like, similar to 
tacioi Ciond. (6) of tacimhi to learn 
uthai then 
orin twenty 
aniya year 
hithe book 

ImlaJia Pret. (4) of hulambi to read, study 
seme Ger. (3) oi sembi to say 
mu yes, truly 
mangga difficult 
Jcai is, final particle. 



age elder brother, sir 

mini my 

uhaliyamhuhangge Verbal Noun (21) of 

uhaliya'nibumhi to translate 
i^e accusative affix 

twwaji Past Ger. (8) of tuwambi to look at 
majige little 
dasatarao Fut. (5) of dasatambi to correct, 

with implying a request. 



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Senior. Oh, come, you really have made 
very great progress ; every sentence runs as 
it should ; every letter is clear ; I have not 
a fault to find. If you go up for your 
examination, success is in your own hands. 

V. Senioe. Have you returned yourself 
as: a candidate at these examinations that 
are coming off now 1 

Junior. I should be glad enough to 
stand, 



sini thy 

tacihangge "Verbal Noun (21) of tacimbi to 
learn 

labdu much 

nonggibuha Pret. (4) of nonggibumbi to 
make progress 

gisun word, speech 

tome all ^■ 

ijishun proper 

hergen letter 

aname singly 

tomorhon clear • 

majige little 

cilcin fault 

aku not 

simneci Cond. (6) of simnemhi to be ex- 
amined 

seferehei Past Part. (4) of seferembi to take 
in the hand, with *', which makes the 
word an adverb 

bahambi to obtain. 

ere this 

mudan time 

uhaliyambure Put. Part. (5) of ubaUyam- 
bumbi to translate 

be accusative affix 

simnere Put. Part. (5) of simnembi to be ex- 
amined 

de in 

gebu name 

alibuhao Pret. (4) of alibumbi to offer, with 
iuterrogative o 

alcun or not ? 

simneci Cond. (6) of simnembi to be examined 

oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 

esi certainly 

sain good 

oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 



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but I am afraid that, being a B. A., I am 
not qualified. 

Senior. What ? when any baunerman 
can go up, do you mean to say that a 
man of your attainments would not be 
allowed to ? Nonsense ! why even the boys 
from public schools may stand ; 



damu only 

bithei book, with gen. affix { (^ wen) 

susai B. A. (^ :}' hsiu t'sai) 

ainahai how should it ? 

ombini to be, it will do, with interrogative 
particle ni 

loei whose ? 

kooli custom 

sini thy 

gesengge similar 

jakmi eight 

gicsa banner 

gemu all 

simneci Cond. (6) of simnemhi to be ex- 
amined 

omhime Ger. I (16) of ombi to be, may 

sini thy 

beye body, self 

teile only 

simneburaJcu Fut. Pass. (5) of simnembi to 
be examined, with aJcu not : will not be 
allowed to be examined 

doro rule 

bio is, with interrogative o 

tere that 

anggala not only 
jurgcmgga public (^ i) 

tacilfid school, with gen. affix, i 
juse plural oijui son, child, scholar 

gcmu all 

ojoro Fut. (5) of ombi to be, may 

bade when 



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and if so, how should a B. A. not be 
qualified ? my younger brother is now work- 
ing as hard as he can at Manchu for the 
little time that remains before he has 
to go up. Don't you throw away the 
opportunity. Add your name to the list 
at once. 



susai B. A. 

he accusative affix 

ai what ? 

hendure Fut. (5) of hendumbi to speak 

simneci Cond. (6) of simnembi to be ex- 
amined 

ome Inf. (3) of ombi to be; may 

oji Past Ger. (8) of omhi to be, because 

mini my 

deo younger brother 

ere this 

siden interval 

de to, in 

teni highly 

hacihiyame Ger, (3) of hacihiyamhi to exert 

oneself 
manju Manchu 
bithe book 

hulambikai to read, with hai final particle 
hudun quickly 
gebu name 
yabubu Imp, Pass, (1 ) of yabumbi, to go : 

cause to go, forward 
nashun opportunity 
he accusative affix 
ume do not 

ufarahure Fut. (5) oi ufarabumhi to neglect. 



31 






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VI. Senior. Well, I hear that you have 
made such way in Manchu, that you are 
beginning to speak it quite correctly. 

Junior. Nonsense ! I understand it, cer- 
tainly, when I hear it spoken, but it will 
be sometime yet before I can speak it 
myself. It is not only that I can't go 
right through with a piece of conversation 
of any length like other people, but I can't 
even string half a dozen sentences together. 



sini thy 

manjurarangge Verbal Noun (21) of man- 

juramhi to speak Manchu 
majige little 
muru appearance 
tucihebi Indef. Past (10) of tucimhi to 

come forth 
aibide how ? 
Ml 

niyalmai man, with gen. affix * 
gisiirere Fut Part. (5) of gisuremhi to 

speak 
he accusative affix 

ulhire Fut. (5) of ulhimbi to understand 
gojime only 
mini my 
beye body, self 

gisureme Ger. (3) of gisuremhi to speak 
ohode when 
oron interval, place 
unde not yet, oroii wide not yet time, too 

early 
gu'wai other, with gen. affix i 
adali like, similar 

fiyehn chapter, piece, fiyden Jiyeleni con- 
nectedly 
gisureme In£ (3) of gisuremhi to speak 

muterahu Fut. (3) of mutemhi to be able, 
with aJcu not 

sere Fut, (5) of semhi to say 

anggala not only 

emu one 

siran continuation 

i adverbial particle, emu sirani uninter- 
ruptedly 

duin four 

sunja five 

gisun word 



*!' 



32 






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Then there is another odd thing I do : 
whenever t am going to begin, without 
being the least able to say why, I become 
so alarmed about mistakes that I dare not 
go on without hesitating ; now, so long as 
this continues to be the case, how am I to 
make a speaker 1 Indeed, so far from con- 
sidering myself one, I quite despair. 



gemu all 

sirahume Inf. (3) of sirdbumbi to connect 

muterdku Fut. (5) of mutembi to be able, 

with aku not 
tere that 

anggala not only 
hono further 
emu one 

aldungga extraordinary, strange 
hdbi place, with hi is 

gisurere Fut. Part. (5) of gisurembi to speak 
onggolo before 
haibi in vain 
tasaraburalm Fut. (5) of tasarabumbi to 

make mistakes, with dhu not 
calaburaku Fut. (5) of calabumbi to err, 

with aku not 
seme Inf. (3) of sembi to say 
tathunjame Inf. (3) of tathunjambi to doubt, 

to be incertain, to be alarmed 
gelhun aku without fear, t6 dare 
kengse lasha constantly 
gisurerahU Fut. (5) of gisurembi to speak, 

with aku not 
uttu thus 
kai it is 
mimbe ace. of I 
adarame how ? 

gisure Imp, (1) oi gisuremhi to speak 
sem6i to say, to call 
Jil 

inu yes, indeed 
usaka in despair. 



33 



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of ever learning to speak. I say to myself 
that if with all my studying I have not got 
farther than this, I shall certainly never be 
a proficient. 

Senior, This is all mere want of practice. 
Listen to me. Whenever you meet a man, 
no matter who, (that can talk Manchu), at 
him at once, and talk away with him. 



gunici Cond. (6) of gunwibi to think 

ai what ? 

hacin kind 

i genitive affix 

taciha Pret. (4) of tachnbi to learn 

seme Inf (3) of semhi to say 

inic indeed 

ere this 

human ability 

dabala only 

nonggibure Fut. (5) of mnggibumhi to make 

progress 
aibi how could ? 
ere this 
gemu all 
sini thy 
ureheku Pret. (4) of urembi to practice, with 

aliu not 
haran reason 
bil 

sinde dat. of si thou 
tacibure Fut. (5) of tacibumbi to teach 
yaya whoever 
tvebe ace, of we who 
seme Inf (3) of sembi to say 
ttwe not, do not 

bodoro Fut, (5) of bodombi to consider 
darau only 

ucaraha Pret. (4) of ucarambi to meet 
ucaraha Part. Pret, (4) of ucarambi to meet 
6e sign of accusative 
tuwame Ger. (3) of tuwambi to try 
amcatame Ger. (3) of amcatambi to address 

one against his will 
gisure Fut. (5) oi gisureiribi to speak. 



34 



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1 



1 

.1 

i 



You must go and take lessons of competent 
professors of the language as well, you know ; 
and if you have any friends who are good 
Manchu scholars, you should be for ever 
talking with them. Eead some Manchu 
every day, and talk incessantly, until the 
habit of speaking comes quite naturally to 
the mouth. If you follow this rule in a 
year or two at the farthest 



Jai secondly 

hithede book, with de in 

sungke well read 

sefu teacher (6$ f|: shih-fu) 

be accusative affix 

baifl Past Gerund (8) of baimbi to seek 

biihe book 

hula Imp. (]) of hulambi to read 

manju Manchu 

gisun word, speech 

de in 

mangga proficient 

gucuse plur. of gucu friend 

de in, with 

adanafi Past Gerund (8) of adanambi to go 

to, to be together 
gisure Put. (5), here Imp. of gisuremhi to 

speak 
inenggidari daily 

hulaci Cond. (6) of hulambi to read 
gisun word, speech 
ejembi to remember 
erindari always 

gisureci Cond. (6) of gisurembi to speak 
ilenggu tongue 
urembi to be accustomed 
uttu thus 

tacime Inf. (3) tacimbi to learn 
ohode when 
manggai scarcely 



emu one 



juwe two 



35 



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you will speak it without an effort ; so now 
don't despair any more. 

VII. Junior. Where are you from, sir, 
may I ask ? 

Senioe, I have been to visit a relation 
of mine who lives down yonder. Won't 
you step in and sit down on your way, sir ? 



aniya year 

i genitive affix 

sidende interval, with de in 

imt yes, certainly ; inu cisui naturally 

gunin thought 

i sign of genitive 

cihai will, with adverbial affix i, gunin i 

cihai as you like 
anggai mouth, with genitive affix 
id in accordance 

tang sembi to speak without interruption 
kai final particle 
muteraku Fut. (5) of mutemhi to be able, 

with aku not 
jalin as regards 
geli again 

aiseme how could it ? 
jobomhi to apprehend, to fear 
ni interrogative particle. 



ahsi wliy ? 

yoha Pret. (4) oi yombi to go, to walk 

hike Pret. (4) of bimhi to be 

Ul 

ergi this side 

emu one 

niyamangga related 

niyalmai man, Avith genitive affix i 

boode house, with de in 

genehe Pret. (4) oi genembi to go 

bihe Pret. (4) of himhi to be 

ere this 

ildun opportunity 

de in 

mini my 

boode house, with de m, to 

darifi Past Gerund (8) of darimhi to pass 

majifje little 

ie/ii Subj. Present (7) of ie7«f)t to sit down. 



36 



Junior. Do you reside in this neigh- 
bourhood, sir ? 

Senior. Yes, I moved into this house 
not long ago. 

Junior. Oh ! indeed, sir ; then we are 
not so very far from each other. If I had 
been aware that you lived Irere, I should 
have called before. Go on, sir, pray (I'll 
follow you, if you please). 

Senior. What, in my own house ? Now, 
please take the upper seat. 

Junior. Thank you, I am very well 
wliere I am. 

Senior. But if you sit where you are 
sitting, what place am I to take ? 



age elder brother, sir 

si thou 

ubade here 

tehebio Indef. Past. (10) of tembi to sit, to 
reside, with interrogative o 

inu yes 

jaJcan lately 

gurinjihe Pret; (4) of gurinjimbi to come to 
change place 

uttu thus 

oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 

musei we two, with genitive affix i 

tehengge Verbal Noun (21) of tembi to sit, 
to reside 

giyanalm far from 

udu how much ? 

goro distant 

saha Pret. (4) of sambi to know 

hid Cond. (6) of bimbi to be 

aifini before 

simbe aec. of si thou 

tmoanjiraku Put. (5) of tuwanjimbi to come 
to see, to call, with aim not 

biheo Pret. (4) of bimbi to be, with inter- 
rogative 

age elder brother, sir 

yahu Imp. (1) of yambumbi to go 

ai geli how could that be ? 

mini my 

boode house, with postpos. de in 

hai it is 

age elder brother, sir 

wesiji Past Gerund (8) of wesimbi to ascend 

teki Subj. Pres. (2) of tembi to sit 

ubade here 

icangga convenient 

si thou 

tuttu thus 

tehede seat, with postpos. de in 

bil 

absi how ? 

tembi to sit. / 



37 



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Junior. I have got a seat, thank you ; 
and a seat with a back to it. 

Senior. Here ! bring a light ! 

Junior. Not for me, thank you, sir, I 
can't smoke ; I have a sore mouth. 

Senior. Well, then, bring some tea. 

Junior. Drink first, then, pray. Oh, 
isn't it hot. 

Senior. If it is too hot, let it be taken 
away for a while, that it may get cooler, I 
am very sorry. Boy, go and see what there 
is in the kitchen, 



sain good 

feme Inf. (3) of tetmihi to sit 

jahduha Pret. (4) ofjabdumbi to reach one's 

aim 
tihade here 
emu one 
nihere Fut. Partic. (5) of niJcembi to lean 

against 
babi place {ba) is (bi) 
booi house, with genitive affix i 
urse those who 
aba how ? 
yaha coal 

gaju Imp. (1) oi gajimbi to fetch 
age elder brother, sir 
hi I 

damhagu tobacco 
omiraku Fut. (5) of omimbi to eat, to smoke, 

with aku not 
angga mouth 

furugahabi to have ulcers in the mouth 
tuttu thus 

oci Cond. (6) of omhi to be 
cai tea 

ga7ia Imp. (1) oi ganambi to bring 
age elder brother, sir 
cai tea 

gaisu Imp. (1) oi gaimbi to take 
ko oh, exclamation of pain 
absi how ? 
halhun hot 
hallmn ' hot 

oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 
majige little 
tukiyecebu Imp, (1) of tukiyecebumbi to 

take away 
huioanggiyaraku it does not signify 
mukiyebukini Opt, (15) of mukiyehumbi to 

become cool 
je exclamation of compassion 
buda rice 
be accusative affix 
tuwana Imp. (1) of tmoanambi to go and look 

after 



38 



A 



and bring quickly whatever is ready. 

Junior. No, indeed, sir ; do not put 
yourself to so much, trouble. I have still 
got to go somewhere else. 

Senior. But it's only whatever is ready ; 
nothing is being prepared for you. Do try 
and eat a little, then you may go. 

Junior. Not just now, thank you, sir; 
but now that I have found out where you 
live, I'll come another time 



beleni ready 

bisirengge Verbal Noun (21) of himhi to be 

he accusative affix 

hasa quickly 

hanju Imp. (1) of banjimhi to produce 

se Imp, (1) of sembi to say 

akii no 

age elder brother, sir 

ume do not 

bil 

Icemuni further 

guwa other 

bade place, with de to 

genehi Subj. Pres. (7) oi genembi to go 

sembi to say 

ainahabi how is that ? 

beleni ready 

bisirengge Verbal Noun (21) of bimbi to be 

sini thy 

jalin postpos. on account of 

dagilahangge Verbal Noun (21) of dagilambi 

to prepare 
geli also 
waka not is 
majige little 

jeji Past Ger. (8) oijembi to eat 
genecina Concessive (14) o£ genembi to go 
joo enough 
bi it is 
emgeri once 
sini thy 
boo house 
be accusative affix 

takaha Pret. (4) of takambi to recognise 
kai it is 

encu different, other 
inenggi day 
jai again 
cohome specially 
jiji Past. Ger. (8) oijimhi to come 



39 






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and spend the day with you. 

A'lIL Seniok. I observe you pass this 
way every day, sir, what place is it that you 

go to ? 

Junior. I go to my studies. 

Senior. To read Manchu, isn't it ? 

Junior. It is. 

Senior. What are you reading in Manchu ? 

Junior. Oh, no new books, only every 
day talk 



gulhun completely 
emu one 
inenggi day 

gisureme Inf. (3) oi gUuremhi to speak 
tecelci Subj. Pres. (7) of tecemli to sit 
together. 



age elder brother, sir 

si thou 

inenggidari daily 

ederi this way 

yaburengge Verbal Noun (21) of yahumhi to 



go 



gemu all 
aihide whither ? 
genembi to go 
hithe book 

Imlaname Inf. (3) of hulanamhi to go to read 
genembi to go 
manju Manchu 
bithe book 
hulambi to read 

ivaJcao it is not, with interrogative o 
inu yes 
ne now 
aid which 1 
jergi order 
bithe book 
hulambi to read 
guwa other 
ii'i/ie book 
a/ctT not 
damu only 

2/asfa eye, with genitive affix i 
juleri postpos. before 

buyarame Ger. (3) of buyarambi to do petty 
things 



gisun word, speech 



40 



and the " Important explanation of Manchu 
speech." * 

Senior. Are they teaching you to write 
Manchu round hand yet ? 

Junior. The days are too short at present 
to leave any time for writing ; but presently, 
when they begin to lengthen, we shall be 
taught to write and to translate, too. 

Seniob. Well, sir, I have been wanting 
to study Manchu myself 

* See Essay on Manchu Literature, page 10. 



jai secondly 

manchu Manchu 

gisun word, speech 

i genitive affix 

oyonggo important 

jorin aim, explanation 

i genitive affix 

hitke book 

teile only 

suwende dat. of suwe you 

ginggulere Fut. Part. (5) of ginggulemhi to 

honour; here with hergen the ^ff § 

ch'ieh-shu an elegant style of writing 
hergen letter, writing 
tacibumbio to teach, with interrogative o 
akun or not ? 
te now 

inenggi day ) ^ 
sun sun j < ^ 
foholon short 
hergen letter 

arara Fut. Part. (5) of aramhi to write 
solo leisure 
aku not is 

erect this, with postpos. ci from, hereafter 
inenggi day ) ^ 
sun sun ) '' 

saniyaha Pret. (4) oi saniyambi to extend 
manggi as soon as 
hergen letter 
arabumbi Pass, of arambi to write ; to cause 

to write 
sere Fut. (5) of sembi to say 
anggala not only 
hono also 
uhaliyambu Imp.J(l) of uhaliyambumbi to 

translate 
sembikai to say, with hai final particle 
age elder brother, sir 
bil 

bithe book 

hulara Fut. Part. (5) of hulamhi to read 
jalin because of 



41 



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and I have looked, I assure you, everywhere 

(for a school) and left no place unexamined ; 

but in our neighbourhood, I am sorry to say, 

there is no school for Manchu. 

I was thinking that the one you go to 
would do for me well enough, and that one 
of these days I might commence my attend- 
ance. Will you be so good as to say a word 
for me to the master beforehand ? 

Junior, Ah ! I see you think that it is a 
regular professor that teaches us; but that 



yala really 

uju head 

silgime Ger. (3) of silgimbi to put into 

aibide where ? 

haihanahalcu Pret. (4) of baihanmnbi to go 

to search, with ahu not 
musei we two, with genitive affix i 
^lbai here, with genitive affix i 
surdeme all round 
fuhali altogether 
manju Manchu 
taciku school 
aku not 

gunici Cond. (6) of gunimbi to think 
sini thy 

tach-e Fut. Part. (5) of tacimbi to learn 
ba place 
ai what 7 

hendure Fut. (5) of hendumhi to speak 
atanggi when ? \ whenever 

bicibe Ad vers. (13) of bimbi to be ) it may be 
bil 

inu also 
bitlie book 
hulanaki Subj. Pres, (7) of hulanambi to go 

to read 
mini gen. of bi I 
funde postpos. for 
majige little 

gisureci Cond. (6) of gisurembi to speak 
ojoroo can, may, with interrogative o 
age elder brother, sir 
si thou 

mende dat. plur. of be we 
tacibuve Fut. Part. (5) of tacihumbi to teach 
niyalma man 
&e accusative affix 
we who 
5emJi to say, call ; 



42 



.f- 

or 



i? 



is not the case. Our instructor is one of 
the elders of our clan and his pupils are all 
our own near cousins ; any others that may 
attend are relations by marriage; there is 
not an outsider among them. But the fact 
is that our elder is too busy to give regular 
lessons ; for, besides teaching us, he has to 
go to the yam^n every day. It is only 
because we entreat him day and night 



sefu teacher (IB ilP shih fu) 

sembio to say, call, with interrogative o 

waha no 

hai final particle. 

mini my 

emu one 

mulcun clan 

i genitive affix 

ahiin elder 

tacibure Fut. Part. (5) of tacihumbi to teach 

ele whoever 

urse plural affix 

gemu aU 

meni our 

emu one 

uksun relationship 

i genitive affix 

juse pi. of ym' son 

deote pi. of deo younger brother 

Jai Secondly 

niyaman blood relation 

huncihin relation by marriage 

umai not at all 

guwa other 

m'yalma man v/ 

aM not is 

adarame how 

seci Cond. (6) of semhi to say 

mini my 

ahun elder 

inenggidari daily 

yamulamhi to go to the yam^n 

jabduraM Fut. (5) of Jabdumhi to have 

leisure, with aku not 
ineku the same 
be accusative affix 
erde morning 
yamji evening 

nandame Inf (3) of nundambi to request 
genere Fut. (5) of genembi to go 
jakade conj. because 
arga trick, expedient 



43 



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that he feels obliged to find time to play 
the tutor. Were the case otherwise, 
your desire to study Manchu is a thing 
commendable in itself, and as for the trouble 
of speaking in your behalf, I should not 
have thought it any trouble at all. 

IX. Senior. That gentleman is our old 
neighbour, you know ; the lad we have seen 
grow up here. 



akih not, arcja aku he cannot help it 

solo leisure 

jalgiyanjafi Past Ger. (8) oi jalgiyanjamhi 

to supply 
viembe ace. of be we 
tacibumbi to teach 
waJca not 
oci if 

age elder brother, sir 
bithe book 

hulame Inf (3) of hulambi to read 
geneki Subj. Pres. (7) of genembi to go 
sehengge Verbal Noun (21) oi sembi to say 
sain good 
baita thing 
dabala only 
sini gen. of si thou 
funde postpos. for 
majige little 

gisureci Cond. (6) of gisurembi to speak 
ininde dat. of bi I 
geli then 
ai what 

wajiha Pret. (4) of tvajimbi to end, finish 
«i interrogative particle. 



tere that 

a^e elder brother 

serengge Verbal Noun (21) of se?nJi to say 

musei our, with genitive affix i 

fe old 



adaki neighbour 



kai is 

kemneme Inf (3) of kemnembi to 

measure 
tuwame Inf. (3) of tuwambi to see 

7?zMiM/ia Pret. (4) of mutumbi to grow 



to regard 
carefully 



44 



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He has not been away from us very long, and 
now one hears that he is doing very well ; 
that he has got an appointment. I only 
half believed the report when I first heard it, 
until on inquiring of friends I find it really 
is the case. It shows the truth of the 
proverb "If a man but resolve, the thing 
he wants to do is done " ; and of the other 
proverb " No man is too young to make a 
resolution." 



Juse plur. oijui child 

hiyalafi Past Ger. (8) of hiyalambi to be 
separated 

giyanahu how could 

udu how much 

goidaha Pret. (4) oi goidambi to last 

donjici Cond. (6) of donjimbi to hear 

mujaku exceedingly 

huwasafi Past Ger. (8) of huwasambi to 
increase, to get on 

hqfan official 

oho Pret. (4) of ombi to be 

sere Fut. (5) of sembi to say 

sucungga first 

J^I 

Kono also 

akdara Put. (5) of akdamhi to believe 

dulin half 

henehunjere Put. (5) oikenehunjemhi to doubt 

dulin half 

hike Pret. (4) of hinibi to be 

rnnala afterwards 

gucuse pi. of gucu friend 

de postpos. in 

fonjici Cond. (6) oifonjinibi to ask 

mujangga certain 

erebe this, with accusative affix be 

tuwaci Gond. (6) of tuwambi to see, to regard 

mujin resolution 

bisirengge Verbal Noun (21) of bimhi to be 

baita thing 

jiduji completely 

mutebumbi it can be done 

se year 

mulan ^eat ; se mulan age 

de postpos, in 

aku not 

sehe Pret. (4) of sembi to say 

gisun word 

tasan wrong 



45 



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JuNiOE. That is all very Avell, sir ; still, 
his father's infinite virtues must have en- 
abled him to beget a son of such promise ; 
a young man so kind and good, so fond of 
his studies ; in foot and horse archery, in 
every manly exercise beyond his years 
accomplished ; spending any spare time 



aku not 

ni, final particle 
(tffe elder brother, sir 
/ genitive affix 
gisun word 
inu true 
tuttu thus 

secibe Ad vers. (13) oi semhl to say 
inu certainly 
terei his 

sakdasa pi. of sakda old man, father 
de postpos. in 
wajirahib infinite 
sain good 
ba place 

hifi Past Ger. (.5) of liirahi to be 
teni therefore 
ere this 
gese similarity 
dekjingge prosperous 
j\ise child 

hanjiha Pret. (4) of hanjimhi to beget 
nomhon kind 

bime Ger. (3) of biiabl to be 
sain good 
tacin learuiuo" 
Jorin interpretation 
de postpos. in 
amnran fond of 
gabtara Fut. Part. (5) of i/abtambi to shoot 

on foot (with the bow) 
niyamniyara Fut. Part. (5) of niyariiaiyara 

to shoot on horseback 
eiten every 

haihai man, with sign of genitive i 
erdemu virtue 
se year, age 
de postpos. to 
teiau corrcspondilag to 
aku not 
ambula greatly 
tacihahi Indef Past (10) of tacimbi to learn, 

to study 
an i ucuri generally 



46 



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at home, and there always at his studies ; 
never moving one step in the direction of a 
dissolute life. 

Then he is so careful and attentive in the 
discharge of his public duties ; and when he 
is able to obtain information about some- 
thing, he remains perfectly spotless. It is 
quite a case in which one may observe that 
" The house where virtue accumulates (from 
feneration to generation) will not fail to have 
more than an ordinary share of happiness." 



boode house, with postpos. de in 

bid Cond. (6) of bimbi to be 

bithe book 

tuwara Fut. (5) of tuwambi to look at 

dabala only 

balai frivolous 

bade place, with postpos. de to 

emu one 'y 

olcRon step 

seme Inf. (3) of semhi to say 

inu really 

feliyeraku Fut. (5) oi feliyembi to walk, 
with aku not 

tere that 

anggala not only 

siden public 

i genitive affix 

haitoj affair 

de postpos. in 

oci Cond. (6) of ambi to be 

ginggun careful 

olhoha attentive 

hahara Fut. Part. (5) of bahambi to ob- 
tain 

sara Fut. Part. (5) oi sambi to know 

bade place, with postpos. de in 

oci Cond. (6) of ombi to he- 

Jimenere Fut. Part. (5) of JvmenemU to 
smudge 

ha place 

aim not is 

ere this 

toih right 

seme Inf. (3) of sembi to say 

sain good 

ba place 

iktambuha Part. Pret. {i) oi iJctamhumbi to 
accumulate 

boode house, with postpos. de in 

urunaku must 

funcetele superabimdant 

huturi luck 

bi has 

sehe Pret. (4) of sembi to say 

gisun word, speech 

de postpos. in 

acanaha Pret. (4) of acanambi to agree 



47 



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X. Junior. Keep on your horse, sir, 
pray ! I went out of your sight. 

Now, why should you go through the 
form of dismounting when you are so tired ? 

Senior. Not dismount, indeed ! If I had 
not seen you, well and good ; but when I 
did see you ever so far off, you would not 
have had me pass you on horseback, would 
you ? 

Junior. Well, sir, won't you step in and 
sit down ? 

Senior. Oh, yes, I'll step in and sit 
down a moment , it is so long since we met. 



secina Concess. (14) of sembi to say 

age elder brother, sir 

yalu Imp. (1) of yalumbi to ride 

hil 

sincle Dat. of si thou 

jailaha Pret. (4) oijailamhi to escape 

hai final particle 

saclame Ger. (3) of sadamhi to be tired 

geli also 

aiseme how could 

ebwmhi to dismount 

ai gisim what language 

serengge Verbal Noun (21) of sembi to say 

sabuhakTo Pret. (4) of sabumhi to notice, 
with ahu not 

oci Cond. (6) of ombi to be 

ainara what is to be done ? 

hil 

kejine far off 

aldangga distant 

ci postpos. from 

uthai therefore 

simhe ace. of si thou 

sabulm Pret. (4) of sabumhi to notice 

bade conj. because 

morilahai Part. Pret. (4) of morilamhi to 
ride, with adverbial affix i : on horse- 
back 

didere Fut. Part. (5) of dulemhi to pass 

hooli custom 

hio it is, with interrogative o 

age elder brother, sir 

boode house, with postpos. de in, to 

dosifi Past Ger. (8) of dosimbi to enter 
teralun Fut. (5) of tembi to sit, with ahun 

or not 1 
inu yes 

kai final particle 
muse we two 

acahalungge Verbal Noun (21) of acamli 
to meet, with aim not 

kejine far off. 



48 



r 
t 

I 

I 

J- 
I 

k 



i-« 



i-« 



But, dear me ! what a show of trees and flow- 
ers you tave, and what a stock of goldfish ! 
and your rockery, so ingeniously conceived ; 
every tier of it has a character of its own ! 
and what a tidy library ! everything in it 
looks 



goiddha Pret. (4) oi goidamhi to last 

hi I 

dosifi Past Ger. (8) of dosimbi to enter 

majige little 

telci Subj. Pres. (7) of temli to sit 

ara hallo ! 

utala so many 

hacingga of all kinds 

moo tree 

ilha flower 

tebuhebio Indef Past (10) of tebumbi to 

plant, with interrogative o 
geli also 
utala so many 
hoconggo coloured | ^^g^j^ 
msiha small nsn ) ° 

ujihebi Indef. Past (10) of ujimbi to nourish 
wehe stone 
ai what 

jibsime Inf (3) oijibsimbi to lay in tiers 
iktaonhuhangge Verbal Noun (21) o£ iktam- 

bumbi, pass, of iktamhi to heap up 
inu really 
srtm good 
gunin thought 

isinaha Part. Pret. (4) of isinambi to arrive 
be accusative affix 
umesi very 
faksi ingenious 

jergi order, tier, jergi jergi every tier 
cZe postpos. in 
gemu all 
cZoro rule 
yangse beauty 
bi is, has 
ere this 

&z«^e2 book, with genitive affix i 
boo house, room -^ 
yala certainly 
bolgo clean 
ahsi how 
tuioaci Cond. (6) of tuwambi to regard 



49 



■v 

^ 



I 

1 



3 

r 

U 
tf). 



4 



i 

A 

% 

I 

1. 









so convenient, it is quite the place for read- 
in g men like us. 

Junior. It is nice enough, no doubt ; 
the misfortune is that I have no friend to 
study with, and studying all alone is tame 

work. 

Senior. Well, there needn't be much dit- 
ficulty on that score. I'll be your fellow- 
student, provided that I don't bore you; 
what say you ? 

Junior. Bore, indeed ! It will be a real 
blessing if you wiU. I never asked you 



ahsi so 

icangga fit, convenient 

toh true 

seme Ger. (3) of semhi to say 

musei we, with genitive affix i 

lithe book 

hnlaci Cond. (6) of hulambi to read 

acara Fut. Part. (.5) of acambi to suit 

ba place 

damu but 

korsorongge Verbal Noun (21) of KorsomU 

to be discontented 
mincle dat. of I 
asuru many 
fjucu friend 
(jargan associate 
aku not 
emhun alone 
bithe book 

tacici Coad. (6) of tacimbi to learn 
demhei extremely 
simeli lonesome 
cde this 
ai what ? 
mangga difficult ? 
si thou 
aika perhaps 
eimeraku Fut. Pat. (.5) of eimembi to be 

l)ored, Avith o/iit not 
oci if 

s»?(ie dat. of si thou 

r/i(C?t friend 

'arai))e Inf (.3) of aramhi to represent 

/Vci Cond. (6) oijimhi to come 

anUdca how 

i^^^!i^t thus 

oci Cond. (6) of om&i to be 

minde dat. of 5i 1 

tusa profit 

o/i,o Pret. (4) of omhi to be, to have 

soUnaci Cond. (6) of solinambi to go to invite 



50 



1 


2 


hono yet 


•r 




jiderahu Fut. (5) of ymfti to come, with 
aku not 


90 

4 


^ 


^ 


ya^OT postpoS. on account of 


J 


1 


•5 


j'obosombikai to be uneasy, with kai final 


1 




particle 


I 




yala indeed 




7 


Jici Cond. (6 ) oijimbi to come 
mini my '^ 


i 


.? 


jabsan luck 


dahala only 




I 


eimembi to be bored 


? 


sfire Fut. (5) of sem^i to speak 


O 

t 


± 


c?oro rule, custom 




geli still 


"k 




6io it is, with interrogative o. 


i 






.r 






-i 






i 






t. 






• 
■ 







to come, because I feared you would refuse ; 
but if you really are coming I shall be the 
most fortunate of men. 



IlSrr>EX of AFFIXES and TEI^JMS. 



(The nuinber in brackets indicates the cerhal affix as explained on page 9). 



absi 
adali 
ai ... 

aibi 
aikix 
aimbe 
aiseine 



35. 36. 37. 48. 49 

15. 31 

6. 16. 20. 25. 30. 33. 41. 43. 48. 49 
... 33. aibide 39. 41. aid 39 

27. 49. aikabade 16 

6. ainci 6 
35 



aku, akun, akungge 12. 13. 22. 23. 24. 28. 31. 32 

39. 40. 41. 44. 45. 49 

anggala 29. 31. 32 

ha 4. 24. 41. 46. 49. bade 13. 29. 46. 47 

babi 17. 21. 32. 37. 45 

be 5. 6 

beye 6. 29. 31 

hi ... 6. 50. hid 17. 36. 46. 47. bidbe 25. 41. hifi 45 
bilie 11. 35. 36. 44. hime 21. 22 45. hisirengge 

38. 44 
bxi-n . . , ... ... ... ... ... 4 

hitru ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 

ca, ce, CO ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 

ce, cent, cend^, cernbe, cenci ... ... ... 6 

cen... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 

d (6)4. 6. 7. 8. 13 

cibe (13)8 

cin... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 

dna (14)8 

CM 4 

cuka, cuke ... ... ... ... ... 4. 1 3 

oin ... (14) 4. 8 

da, de, do ... ... ... ... ... ... 4. 8 

dari ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 

de 4. 5. 8. 13 

dere 19. 25 

du ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 

ele 42 

ere ... ... ... ■■■ •■■ ■■■ ■■■ 6 

ese ... ... ... ... ... ••■ ••• 6 

fl .... (8)8 



4 

4 

8. 16. 29. 32. 33. 48 

5 

13 



ga7i, gen, gon 

r^ 

yemu 
geren 
yeri 

ha, he, ho (4) 4. 8. 9. 10. habi (10) 8. 9. habid (12) 

8. 9. habihe{n)i. 9 
han, lien, hon, hun, hun ... ... ... ... 4 

hi, hin ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 

hiyan, hiyen ... ... ... ... ... 4 

i, iiii, inde, imbe, ind ... 5. 6. 13. 22. 23. 25. 27 
ingge ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 

inv, ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 

ja 8 

jergi ... ... ... ... ... 5. 1 3 

ji 4.8 

i" 4 

ka, ke, ko ... ... ... ... (4) 4. 8. 10, v. Aa. 

kai 18. 24. 26. 27. etc. 

kail, ken, kon ... ... ... ... ... 4 

ku, ku ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 

la 4. 8 

lame,leme ... ... ... ... ... (23)8.13 

Ian, len, Ion ... ... ... ... ... 4 

le (22)4. 8 

lengge (22)8 

liyan, liyen ... ... ... ... ... 4 

lo 4 

mari ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 

mbi 8, mbiji (17) 8. vibihe (9) 8. nibiyne (16) 8. 13 
mbubtmibi . . . ... ... ... ... (20)8 

mbumbi ... ... ... ... ... (19) 8 

me (3)8. 13 

meni, niende, membe, mend ... ... ... 6 

mini, minde, mimbe, mind ... ... ... 6 

mpi ... ... ... ... ... 8. 11 

mudan ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 

muse ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 



52 



na, ne, no, nu 

ndara, ndere 

ndu 

i^99<*, ngge, nggo ... 

nggala, nggele, nggolo, 

nggeri 

nggi 

nggu 

ngka, ngke, ngko ... 
ni ... 



... 4 

... 8 

8. 10 

... 8 

(21) 4. 6. 8 

(18) 8. 9 

... 13 

... 4 

... 4 

8. 10. 11 

5. 35. 43. 45 

... 4 

o 6 

ombi 13. 15. 20. 22. ombini 22. 29. ombime 29. oJio 

44. 49. phode 26. 31. 34. qfi 13. 17. 21. 30. ojoro 

29. 41. qme. 30. ooi 13. 16. 17. 20. 24. 28. 36. 

37. 43. 46. 47. 49. ocibe 13 

8. 11 

(5) 4. 8. 9. 10 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4.13 

sembi 13. 15. 32. 38. 40. 41. seme 18. 19. 20. 24. 27. 

32. 33. 46. 49. sehe 44. 46. seJiengge 43. seliebi 

24. sere 20. 24. 31. 40. 44. 50. serengge 15. 20. 

43. 47. seci 19. 22. 23. 42. secibe 45 



//• ... 

ra, re, ro ... 




ran, ren, ron 




ri 




ru .. 




sa, se, so ... 




saka 





si, sini, sinde, 
su ... 
sun... 

suwe, suweni, 
Sa, so, se ... 
sun, sun ... 
ta, te, to 
tanggu 



I, smn 



tetendere 
tome 

tu ... 
tumen 
tun . . . 



udu 

um,ai 

um.e 

unde 

urse 

ursu 

uthai 

waka 

we, wei, wede, webe, wed . 

weike 

weingge 

ya 



• ta 


■• 


4 

4 


suwenci 


•■ 


6 
8 
4 


. 


4. 


7. 8 

5. 7 

22 


... 


•• 


6 
19 


. 


5. 


28 

4 

5. 7 

4 

7 


... 25. 


36 


44 


■ •■ 


12. 


42 


... 12. 


30. 


33 


* ■■■ 


12 


31 


... 4. 5. 


37. 


42 


• ■• • 


• • 


7 


... 


15. 


27 
12 


- 


,, 


6 


. ■*■ . 


,, 


6 


. 


.. 


6 


. 


6. 


24 



^^J 


M 


^ 


w 


s 


M 


i 


1 


j^j^^ii^ 


sst 


r Tinffl; 


S 


J2 


S 



^PIPENDIX. 



For Miiiiclin Literature see my Essay on Mauclia Literature in Jourual of China Branch of 
R. A. S., Shaughai, vol. xxiv (1890) p. 1-45. 

The following are the principal European works for the study of Mancliu ; — 

J. Klaproth, Chrestomathie mandchou or recueil de textes mandchou. Paris, 1828. 8vo, 
273 pp. 

H. C. vou der Gabelentz, Elemeus de la grammaire mandclioue. Altenbourg, 1832. 8vo, 
156 pp. 

Additional remarks on the Manchu verb in " Beitrage zur mandschuischen Conjugations- 
lehre, Zeitschr. der D. M. Ges. xviii, p. 202-219. 

— Sse-schu, Schu-king, Schi-kiug in mandschuischer Uebersetzung mit cinem mandschu- 
deutschem AVorterbuch, Leipzig, 18(34. 2 vols. 8vo. 

Vol. I containing the romanized Manchu text of the four books (E3 ^), the Shuking and 
Shiking, 304 pp. 

Vol. II containing the dictionary, 231 pp. 

T. T. Meadows, Translations from the Manchu language with the original text. Canton, 
1849. Svo, 

A. Wtlie, T'sing-wen-k'i-mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language with 
introductory notes on Manchu literature. Shanghai, 1855. Svo, ii, Ixxx, 310 pp. 

F. Kaule^, Linguae mandschuricae institutiones quas conscripsit iudicibus ornavit chres- 
tomathia et vocabulario auxit. Ilatisbouae, 1856. 8vo., 152 pp. 

W. Wassilyeff, Manchu C!hrestomathy. St. Petersburg, 1863. 8vo, 228 pp. 
L. Adam, Grammaire de la langue maudcliou. Paris, 1873. Svo, 137 pp. 
Sakhahi.iff, Complete Manchu-Rnssian Lexicon. St. Petersburg, 1875. Imp. 8vo, xxx, 
1,636 i>p. # 

G. von der Gabelentz, Thai-kih-thn. Tafel des Urpriuzips, chinesisch mit mandschuischer 
uiid deutscher Uebersetzung. Di'esden, 1876. 8vo. 

AY. Gkube, T'ung-schu des Ceu-tsi, chinesisch uud mandschuisch mit Uebersetzung uud Com- 
mentar. Wien, 1880. Svo. 

E. Teza, Mangiurica, note raccolte. Pisa. 

G. Hoffmann, Grammatica mancese compendiata dall' opera zinese Zing wen ki mung. 
Turin, 1883. Svo, 36 pp. 

L. NoCKNTiNi, 11 santo cditto di Kanghi e ramjilificazionc di Yung-ceng. Versione mancese. 

Firenze, 1883. 

C. DE Haklez, Manuel de la langue maiiilchoue. Grammaire, anthologie et lexique. Paris, 

1884. 8vo., 232 pp. 

For older works see Manual of Chinese Bibliography by myself and my brother, Shanghai, 

1876, p. 30IJ-305. 






>T^ 






^Si,^ T..^::
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